Introduction to Stress Management-

Questions: 1.What is the subject of the Research? 2.What are the discoveries from your Research? 3.What are your Recommendations? Answers: 1.The subject of the accompanying exploration is pressure the executives. Stress the executives alludes to the different psychotherapies and methods that endeavor to control the degrees of stress that are experienced by someone in particular because of the motivation behind the improvement of the day by day working of the concerned individual. The worry in this setting for the most part alludes to the interminable worry of the concerned individual. The pressure for the most part alludes to the pain, or a sort of stress that has negative results of a noteworthy sum. 2.According to Babatunde, (2013), work pressure, otherwise called word related pressure can't be characterized in a bound together way because of the way that one single unmistakable methodology will most likely be unable to envelop the wonder in the entirety of its totality. Babatunde further contends that there has been various definitions throughout the years that depict worry to be either an upgrade, or as a reaction to some improvement. Stress may likewise have been characterized as the mix of the improvement and the reaction to the concerned upgrade. The value-based relationship that exists between the concerned people and the general condition of the individual may likewise be characterized as pressure. Stress when characterized as an upgrade may involve the qualities of the general condition that might be upsetting for the person who is presented to the concerned components of the environmental factors. The responsive meaning of pressure alludes to the pressure that has its u nderlying foundations in the mental response of the concerned individual towards the stressors that have been having their influence in the production of the pressure. McVicar et al (2013) contends that there are various literary works dependent on the pressure uncover the difficulties that are looked by the individuals because of the pressure that they face at their work environments. The significant issues bringing about the development of the pressure of a representative are the outstanding task at hand of the concerned individual, the absence of weightiness of the work relegated, the exorbitantly quick pace of work, the bringing down of the self-rule at work, the harmful frameworks of work and different unsettling influences that emerge at the work environment. The most widely recognized explanation of the worry among the individuals at their particular work environments result from the contentions coming about because of the uncertainty of the jobs that are alloted to the concerned individual. As per Ackfeldt and Malhotra, (2013), job strife, one of the significant explanations behind the job pressure happens when there is contradiction and incongruency among the requests of the activity and the desires for the business from the workers of the worry. 3.There might be different number of approaches to deal with the pressure that happens at the working environments. The concerned representatives ought to be permitted to take parts from the job needing to be done. A brief break of at some point may assist the worker with applying new viewpoints to their current task. The representatives might be urged to draw in themselves in certain exercises that may end up being gainful for both the psychological and the physical strength of the concerned worker. The earth of the work place must advance an euphoric encounter for the representatives. This is turn encourages the representatives to de-worry from their every day work schedule. So as to alleviate the pressure, a worker may likewise counsel the pressure issue with his associates or seniors so as to get an answer for the pressure that he is confronting. Reflection may likewise end up being one of the pressure relievers if there should be an occurrence of hierarchical pressure. References Ackfeldt, A. L., Malhotra, N. (2013). Returning to the job pressure responsibility relationship: can administrative intercessions help?.European diary of marketing,47(3/4), 353-374. Babatunde, A. (2013). Word related Stress: A Review on Conceptualisations, Causes and Cure.Economic Insights-Trends Challenges,65(3). McVicar, A., Munn-Giddings, C., Seebohm, P. (2013). Working environment stress mediations utilizing participatory activity research designs.International Journal of Workplace Health Management,6(1), 18-37.

Separation of Powers in the Uk

This article will look to break down the precept of the partition of forces and the significance of its essence inside a constitution. Specific accentuation will be put on recognizing how this thought is fused into the United Kingdom’s (UK) constitution and the impact that ongoing advancements of established change, for example, the presentation of the UK Supreme Court instead of the House of Lords has had. The regulation of the division of forces is a thought that can be found in works as far back as the hour of Aristotle. This idea expresses that any constitution depends on the ‘three mainstays of state’ which are the official, authoritative and legal executive. Montesquieu figured this idea in the eighteenth century and in ‘L’Esprit des Lois’ composed; â€Å"All would be lost if a similar man or a similar group of guideline of men, both of nobles, or of the individuals, practiced these three powers: that of making laws, that of executing open goals, and that of passing judgment on the violations or the debates of people. Montesquieu’s reviewing wholes that if in any constitution at once, more than one of these forces are constrained by the equivalent ‘man’ or ‘body of men’ then the force incited gets self-assertive and to impact a tyranny. These three forces can be seen inside the UK’s constitution, the Government (official), Parliament (council) and the Courts (legal executive). The UK has been reprimanded recommending that th ere is no detachment of forces inside our constitution because of its un-systematized and in this manner hazy nature making it difficult to set up three free bodies. This was the situation for various reasons; right off the bat inside the UK there are covers between the alleged ‘powers of state’ a case of this is the set-up of government. Individuals from the Prime Ministers Cabinet are additionally Members of Parliament who have official powers aside having the option to cast a ballot in parliament, that thus makes an immediate cover among official and authoritative forces. This can be viewed as of late as this year with individuals from the Cabinet like Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg having official forces while having the option to cast a ballot in Parliament on the Tuition Fees Bill 2010. The courts likewise seem to practice administrative capacities alongside their legal jobs through methods for the precedent-based law. Judges for quite a long time have been making and changing laws as they see fit and still right up 'til the present time have the ability to make restricting points of reference. Be that as it may, the situation of Lord Chancellor was routinely reprimanded as it held nearness in every one of the three of the ‘pillars of state’. It would show up from this that undoubtedly the United Kingdom doesn't practice the idea of detachment of forces. In February 2004 the House of Lords acquainted what was in the end with be The Constitutional Reform Act 2005 . This demonstration hoped to handle two of the apparent principle reactions of the UK constitution in particular the job of Lord Chancellor and to acquire a Supreme Court to assume control over the job of the redrafting panel of the House of Lords in the legal executive as before this individuals from the House of Lords were individuals from both the lawmaking body and the legal executive. The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom was along these lines opened in 2009 nonetheless; it would seem flawed with respect to whether it has truly brought around a partition of forces. On the off chance that an intelligent methodology is taken, at that point this presentation of another chamber has rolled out a major improvement to the constitution as no longer would it be workable for law masters to sit in the legal executive and vote in parliament nonetheless, in the event that we take an elective view, at that point the Supreme Court has not so much transformed anything inside the UK’s constitution. Because of the unwritten arrangement of our constitution it is realized that numerous laws and methodology that nations, for example, the USA (who have a composed constitution) have sponsored up by the archived constitution itself, we particularly depend on the job of show, propensity and convention to keep the three powers within proper limits. It has especially been show that from under the steady gaze of 2006 the law masters that sit in the redrafting council of the House of Lords shun sitting in political issues while; individuals from the Lords who practice political capacities don't take an interest with any issues of the legal executive. Valid, the presentation of the Supreme Court has made it unimaginable for the administrative and legal forces to be melded as individuals delegated inside the Supreme Court will never again be individuals from the House of Lords along these lines making this place of Parliament exclusively authoritative. Maybe an increasingly significant advancement is that future individuals from the Supreme Court need not be peers which could in time cut off any connection between the two chambers. The demonstration likewise positioned limitations on the job of the Lord Chancellor that have met a similar inclination as that of the Supreme Court, while yes these progressions are certain, the inquiry remains would they say they were vital? The presentation of the UK Supreme Court is a positive advance to join increasingly composed sources to the constitution as well as towards appropriately building up a detachment of forces inside the UK. In any case, it very well may be proposed that an increasingly proper advance to chieving this objective is approach various issues and ones that don’t have imperatives, for example, being represented by show, that keep on neutralizing any positive advances taken to set up a partition of forces inside the state. The way that Cabinet individuals can cast a ba llot in parliament is an immediate cover between two of the forces and possibly change of this territory ought to be considered also. Maybe the entire set up of our nations elective framework needs change as any gathering that orders a lion's share could adequately pass any bill they like without resistance. Tony Blair as the leader of the Labor government in 1997 delighted in such control of parliament. The utilization of the Royal Prerogative has been depicted as ‘unconstitutional’ and went under examination when Tony Blair upheld the USA in the Iraq War and sent British troopers to war. These lion's share governments have been portrayed as ‘elective dictatorships’, and these are nevertheless a couple of instances of numerous things that neutralize our nation ever having a valid and complete partition of forces. The foundation of the Supreme Court in October 2009 and the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 seems to have started eagerness for change. This could be found in the 2010 General Election where clear accentuation was put on protected change by each significant gathering, to make reference to however one is the Liberal Democrats vow to endeavor to evacuate the first past the post casting a ballot framework to be supplanted by relative portrayal. The Con-Lib alliance administration of 2010 has as of late made a multi year fixed term parliament which puts the following general political decision on the primary Thursday of May 2015. These are on the whole changes that will in the long run add to making a partition of forces and to emphatically change the constitution. It very well may be seen from this that the presentation of the new Supreme Court has made a major advance towards achieving a genuine division of forces in the UK. Notwithstanding the shows that the House of Lords and redrafting advisory group followed, the Supreme Court has cut off any connection between the legal executive and parliament. This is especially significant in present occasions as the ascent in cases of legal audit require a totally unprejudiced court so as to empower the legal executive to keep check of the authoritative and official parts of state and to maintain established equity. It is additionally certain that there is, best case scenario an incomplete detachment of intensity in the UK which is critical to hold however it couldn't be said that we have fused this idea completely and substantially more will be done after some time to set up a progressively steady constitution for future governments. Established change in itself is anything but a straightforward undertaking and instances of this can be found in nations, for example, Bosnia who are at present battling with reorganizations, which truly highlights the hugeness of making a Supreme Court and re-recognizing the legal part of the UK. While there is as of now just a halfway division of forces in the UK for the present, this might be beginning to change. 1491 Words. Reference index †¢Neil Parpworth, Constitutional and Administrative Law (sixth Edition, Oxford University Press, 2010). †¢Anthony King, The British Constitution (Oxford University Press, 2007). †¢Jeffrey Jowell and Dawn Oliver, The Changing Constitution (sixth Edition, Oxford University Press, 2007). †¢Vernon Bogdanor, The New British Constitution (Hart Publishing, 2009). †¢http://www. energyobserver. com/tekst-e. php? lang=2&ID=1072 got to 07/01/2011 14:07. †¢ got to 07/01/2011 15:36.

Advice youve heard before and a story you havent

Advice you’ve heard before and a story you haven’t There are going to be a lot of people eager to give you advice on how to survive college and maybe even leave with a degree and some shreds of self respect. At least thats the way it was with me. Something that I heard over and over again from mouths of all shapes and sizes was Go to class. Go to class. Go to class. But thats for dumb kids who couldnt figure things out on their own. By second semester freshman year I attended at most one class per subject per week. I skipped all 18.03 (Differential Equations) lectures except the first, went to no recitations other than the ones immediately preceding exams. 8.022 (E+M) had lecture notes online by a previous lecturer, and it was not long after I discovered them that I stopped going to 8.022 as well. 6.001 (computer science) lectures were optional through an online lecture experiment so that was excusable. The only class to which I dragged myself on a semi-regular basis was my mandatory-attendance HASS class. The advantages? I got to sleep in later. I got to save time that would otherwise have been spent in class. I got to stay warm and cozy in my (over)heated room while it whistled and roared in wintry fury outside. I got to brag about not going to class and still doing fine. How did I go about this? Homework. Everything I learned that semester came from doing homework assignments. I would read the lecture notes from that week as I went along problem by problem, learning only the parts of the material necessary to hand in a completed assignment the next day. When the tests rolled around, I would attend the review sessions held immediately preceding to fill in the gaps between the problems. Of course, this schedule meant that I slept until noon every day and had to stay up until 6 or 7am on many occasions to not only finish a whole problem set the night before but also learn the material beforehand. But thats okay, since that extra time would have been spent in class anyways. And since I can learn faster than the lecturer talks, Im still saving time, right? It made sense, of course, until you tried to account for the extra time I should have saved. Where did that go? In a single week, I would end up sleeping 4 hours or less on at least 2 or 3 occasions. I would skip meals reasoning that Id got up late, so I didnt need breakfast, reasoning that Im hungry, but its 4am already and Im going to bed soon, anyways, as soon as I finish this last problem This wasnt a big deal for me, then. I was still healthy. Its at this point in the tale that the wise and weathered story-teller would learn his lesson. And I failed all my classes and got put on academic probation and then I shaped up and never missed another lecture and made straight As from then on. Well, correct me if Im wrong but life doesnt usually work like that. Truth is, I did just fine. I got As in 8.022 and 18.03 and Bs in 6.001 and 4.301. I even passed my astronomy seminar (P/F) 12.409 (which I highly recommend by the way). Another piece of universal advice came into mind at that point, If it works, stick with it. This one I followed. I sleepwalked through first semester sophomore year. Unified (engineering) started at 9am which made it easy to skip on a daily basis. Not to mention all equations and little theory which made it easy to pick up the night before a test or Monday night before the problem sets were due. Out of the 10 hours of lectures and recitations every week, I was present for maybe 2 or 3. My other classes didnt fare too much better (2 physics and a HASS class). Once you start skipping one class its hard to bring yourself to go to the others. I fell into the same pattern as the semester before. But there was one big difference. I was taking five classes, not four. Its easy to say that youll read the lecture notes for the class you just skipped, its even easy to believe that you will, and sometimes I would. But more often, I put it off. I fell behind. And its an awful feeling, being behind in a class. An awful pattern even, because, it requires you to correct for it all at once. I cant go to lecture if I havent learned any of the material of the past 2 weeks, it would be a waste of time, I wouldnt have any idea what was being said. I guess Ill just stay home and try to start from the beginning. And now Im missing yet another class. Im even farther behind. To be able to keep up with problem sets in all your MIT classes, eventually, you will have to fall into a pattern. Math on monday nights, maybe physics tuesdays and wednesdays, bio on thursdays, essays on sundays and you will feel like every minute of every day is filled. Where is the time to catch up on material that youve missed? Well, Im not a slow worker and Im not a fast worker. Im not brilliant and Im not dumb. And with 5 classes I didnt have much. Psets started taking me longer to do, and I found myself playing catchup into the wee hours of the morning. The sun came up over my unfinished work, and I hadnt slept. And it was the 3rd time this week. So my schedule was a little hectic, so what? I was still pulling As. Red flag #1. I overslept the second Fluid dynamics test in Unified. By 45 minutes. With only 15 minutes left in the test, I staggered into 33-225, my heart still racing from the shock. Professor Drela gave me the full hour to take it. This was less than halfway through the semester. A little after this, I started getting sick. I lost weight. Which, for me, a 105 pound girl, was a pretty big deal. One day, while we were getting chinese food at Kendall food court, my friend Jesse noticed that I wasnt eating much. Im full, I said. 3/4 of the little styrofoam lunch box was still filled with orange chicken and tofu. What he didnt know was at this point, a lunch box could fill me up three times over. But more than that, I was unhappy. I was cranky and skinny and disliked my classes and despised my work. My stomach hurt when it was full, hurt when it was empty, I got headaches that didnt go away like headaches should. You hear it a lot. College is about learning to take care of yourself. Well, as much as I hate to prove cliches correct, thats where I failed. Mommy and Daddy werent there to cook dinner for me when I had too much work to go out or do it myself. They werent there to remind me to take my vitamins. They werent around to say, You look overworked, youve gotten skinnier, pay attention to the warning signs. Well, it finally did catch my attention. I overslept the second exam in 8.033 (Relativity) by 45 minutes. Again, the professor gave me the full allotted time. I was in college once, too, he said. Now I dont want to give the wrong impression. Compassion isnt a prerequisite to becoming a professor at this school. Itd be a big mistake to confuse luck with law, and assume that I deserved anything but an F on both those two tests. But all that aside it was the jolt I needed I think, and in a way it wrenched me from the nightmare in which Id been a living character and I took a look around. This was the second time Id overslept something very important. Something I set 2 alarms for. Also, the exam was at 2pm. You might be wondering at the moral of this story. Is it grades? Had my gpa plummetted? No, when the dust settled on my science subjects last term, Id come away with 2 As and 2 Bs. But I was unhappy and the success of a semester is not measured in grades alone. Some people might say that this shows that students are dumb and should listen to their elders when they say go to class. But I think thats bull. Everyone learns differently. If you learn best by going to every lecture, taking meticulous notes, and if that makes you feel good, then absolutely that is what you should do. But if you learn better from readings and homework assignments, theres nothing wrong with that either. If it pleases you to lock yourself in your room- except to sneak out late at night in a trenchcoat to turn in your problem sets- and not say a single word of english to anyone, youll find good company here. Telling students they have to learn a certain way is crappy. Everyone deserves to find out for himself. Instead of saying, go to class, I think my advice will be as follows: pick classes that youll want to go to. And dont fall behind. I changed my major. I dont believe in the policy that you have to suffer in life before you get to have any fun. Truth is I didnt enjoy my engineering classes. While my other classmates were trudging through the work willingly, I felt like I was being dragged along in something I didnt want to do. Does this mean Im not interested in Aero/Astro? I dont know, but I dont think so. I think I will simply have to find a different path to reach my career goals. Im young, there are tons of open doors. These are the classes Im taking this semester: Quantum Physics 8.04 Statistical Physics 8.044 Abstract Algebra 18.703 Biology 7.013 Writing (Autobiographical) 21W.731 As of right now, I really like the selection and variety. I have more work than ever (I have an essay due more or less every week in writing class- dont take writing if you dont want to work) but Im getting 6-8 hours of sleep a night and eating half a pizza again and the pink is coming back into my cheeks. I go to every class. I have generally great lecturers this term and I like to have a face explaining things to me and I like to have the little words in between steps that illuminate everything which, sadly, are often omitted in textbooks and lecture notes. I work on problem sets by myself: I find that I learn best that way. And then I check answers with other students and offer and receive help on difficulties. I go to office hours whenever I can, because sometimes just talking a problem out is enough to offer new insights on it. I cook dinners and lunches and sometimes even a pancake and eggs breakfast with Mike (08) every day. I go grocery shopping every weekend. Heres another p iece of advice, find a cooking buddy. Mutual encouragement and motivation will keep you fed (and cheaply!) every day. If its a friend, you can snack in the lounges watching tv, if its a boyfriend/girlfriend, dim the lights and light a couple of candles. Either way, its a good time and usually a good break from problem sets. I spend maybe $40-50 a week on groceries, eat 2-3 meals every day, fancier on the weekends. Its a good deal, and cooking isnt that hard. Even you can learn. Here, I will throw in a couple of pictures. Since that is my job. These are some of the CCD images that I (yes, thats right, me) took (w/ my partner) using a 8 telescope for my freshman year astronomy seminar that I talked about. For 3 hours a week we froze our butts off on the roof of building 37 each at our little telescopes looking at stars, planets, and galaxies. Making LIFESIZE sketches and taking pictures. Actually, the first is a page from my lab notebook with some sketches of saturn. These are the images. This one is saturn. It looked a lot better in the telescope. Look, we werent using hubble, you have to lower your expectations a bit. A globular cluster. (First ever in the class!) I was still pretty psyched to get these. This is the moon: And lastly, the orion nebula. Anyways. Its time to end my big ol ranting entry. In conclusion, do I think I will get straight As this year? Hardly. Im taking much harder classes. But do I think this will be my best semester yet at MIT? You bet. OKAY THANKS FOR YOUR TIME -Lulu

Advice youve heard before and a story you havent

Advice you’ve heard before and a story you haven’t There are going to be a lot of people eager to give you advice on how to survive college and maybe even leave with a degree and some shreds of self respect. At least thats the way it was with me. Something that I heard over and over again from mouths of all shapes and sizes was Go to class. Go to class. Go to class. But thats for dumb kids who couldnt figure things out on their own. By second semester freshman year I attended at most one class per subject per week. I skipped all 18.03 (Differential Equations) lectures except the first, went to no recitations other than the ones immediately preceding exams. 8.022 (E+M) had lecture notes online by a previous lecturer, and it was not long after I discovered them that I stopped going to 8.022 as well. 6.001 (computer science) lectures were optional through an online lecture experiment so that was excusable. The only class to which I dragged myself on a semi-regular basis was my mandatory-attendance HASS class. The advantages? I got to sleep in later. I got to save time that would otherwise have been spent in class. I got to stay warm and cozy in my (over)heated room while it whistled and roared in wintry fury outside. I got to brag about not going to class and still doing fine. How did I go about this? Homework. Everything I learned that semester came from doing homework assignments. I would read the lecture notes from that week as I went along problem by problem, learning only the parts of the material necessary to hand in a completed assignment the next day. When the tests rolled around, I would attend the review sessions held immediately preceding to fill in the gaps between the problems. Of course, this schedule meant that I slept until noon every day and had to stay up until 6 or 7am on many occasions to not only finish a whole problem set the night before but also learn the material beforehand. But thats okay, since that extra time would have been spent in class anyways. And since I can learn faster than the lecturer talks, Im still saving time, right? It made sense, of course, until you tried to account for the extra time I should have saved. Where did that go? In a single week, I would end up sleeping 4 hours or less on at least 2 or 3 occasions. I would skip meals reasoning that Id got up late, so I didnt need breakfast, reasoning that Im hungry, but its 4am already and Im going to bed soon, anyways, as soon as I finish this last problem This wasnt a big deal for me, then. I was still healthy. Its at this point in the tale that the wise and weathered story-teller would learn his lesson. And I failed all my classes and got put on academic probation and then I shaped up and never missed another lecture and made straight As from then on. Well, correct me if Im wrong but life doesnt usually work like that. Truth is, I did just fine. I got As in 8.022 and 18.03 and Bs in 6.001 and 4.301. I even passed my astronomy seminar (P/F) 12.409 (which I highly recommend by the way). Another piece of universal advice came into mind at that point, If it works, stick with it. This one I followed. I sleepwalked through first semester sophomore year. Unified (engineering) started at 9am which made it easy to skip on a daily basis. Not to mention all equations and little theory which made it easy to pick up the night before a test or Monday night before the problem sets were due. Out of the 10 hours of lectures and recitations every week, I was present for maybe 2 or 3. My other classes didnt fare too much better (2 physics and a HASS class). Once you start skipping one class its hard to bring yourself to go to the others. I fell into the same pattern as the semester before. But there was one big difference. I was taking five classes, not four. Its easy to say that youll read the lecture notes for the class you just skipped, its even easy to believe that you will, and sometimes I would. But more often, I put it off. I fell behind. And its an awful feeling, being behind in a class. An awful pattern even, because, it requires you to correct for it all at once. I cant go to lecture if I havent learned any of the material of the past 2 weeks, it would be a waste of time, I wouldnt have any idea what was being said. I guess Ill just stay home and try to start from the beginning. And now Im missing yet another class. Im even farther behind. To be able to keep up with problem sets in all your MIT classes, eventually, you will have to fall into a pattern. Math on monday nights, maybe physics tuesdays and wednesdays, bio on thursdays, essays on sundays and you will feel like every minute of every day is filled. Where is the time to catch up on material that youve missed? Well, Im not a slow worker and Im not a fast worker. Im not brilliant and Im not dumb. And with 5 classes I didnt have much. Psets started taking me longer to do, and I found myself playing catchup into the wee hours of the morning. The sun came up over my unfinished work, and I hadnt slept. And it was the 3rd time this week. So my schedule was a little hectic, so what? I was still pulling As. Red flag #1. I overslept the second Fluid dynamics test in Unified. By 45 minutes. With only 15 minutes left in the test, I staggered into 33-225, my heart still racing from the shock. Professor Drela gave me the full hour to take it. This was less than halfway through the semester. A little after this, I started getting sick. I lost weight. Which, for me, a 105 pound girl, was a pretty big deal. One day, while we were getting chinese food at Kendall food court, my friend Jesse noticed that I wasnt eating much. Im full, I said. 3/4 of the little styrofoam lunch box was still filled with orange chicken and tofu. What he didnt know was at this point, a lunch box could fill me up three times over. But more than that, I was unhappy. I was cranky and skinny and disliked my classes and despised my work. My stomach hurt when it was full, hurt when it was empty, I got headaches that didnt go away like headaches should. You hear it a lot. College is about learning to take care of yourself. Well, as much as I hate to prove cliches correct, thats where I failed. Mommy and Daddy werent there to cook dinner for me when I had too much work to go out or do it myself. They werent there to remind me to take my vitamins. They werent around to say, You look overworked, youve gotten skinnier, pay attention to the warning signs. Well, it finally did catch my attention. I overslept the second exam in 8.033 (Relativity) by 45 minutes. Again, the professor gave me the full allotted time. I was in college once, too, he said. Now I dont want to give the wrong impression. Compassion isnt a prerequisite to becoming a professor at this school. Itd be a big mistake to confuse luck with law, and assume that I deserved anything but an F on both those two tests. But all that aside it was the jolt I needed I think, and in a way it wrenched me from the nightmare in which Id been a living character and I took a look around. This was the second time Id overslept something very important. Something I set 2 alarms for. Also, the exam was at 2pm. You might be wondering at the moral of this story. Is it grades? Had my gpa plummetted? No, when the dust settled on my science subjects last term, Id come away with 2 As and 2 Bs. But I was unhappy and the success of a semester is not measured in grades alone. Some people might say that this shows that students are dumb and should listen to their elders when they say go to class. But I think thats bull. Everyone learns differently. If you learn best by going to every lecture, taking meticulous notes, and if that makes you feel good, then absolutely that is what you should do. But if you learn better from readings and homework assignments, theres nothing wrong with that either. If it pleases you to lock yourself in your room- except to sneak out late at night in a trenchcoat to turn in your problem sets- and not say a single word of english to anyone, youll find good company here. Telling students they have to learn a certain way is crappy. Everyone deserves to find out for himself. Instead of saying, go to class, I think my advice will be as follows: pick classes that youll want to go to. And dont fall behind. I changed my major. I dont believe in the policy that you have to suffer in life before you get to have any fun. Truth is I didnt enjoy my engineering classes. While my other classmates were trudging through the work willingly, I felt like I was being dragged along in something I didnt want to do. Does this mean Im not interested in Aero/Astro? I dont know, but I dont think so. I think I will simply have to find a different path to reach my career goals. Im young, there are tons of open doors. These are the classes Im taking this semester: Quantum Physics 8.04 Statistical Physics 8.044 Abstract Algebra 18.703 Biology 7.013 Writing (Autobiographical) 21W.731 As of right now, I really like the selection and variety. I have more work than ever (I have an essay due more or less every week in writing class- dont take writing if you dont want to work) but Im getting 6-8 hours of sleep a night and eating half a pizza again and the pink is coming back into my cheeks. I go to every class. I have generally great lecturers this term and I like to have a face explaining things to me and I like to have the little words in between steps that illuminate everything which, sadly, are often omitted in textbooks and lecture notes. I work on problem sets by myself: I find that I learn best that way. And then I check answers with other students and offer and receive help on difficulties. I go to office hours whenever I can, because sometimes just talking a problem out is enough to offer new insights on it. I cook dinners and lunches and sometimes even a pancake and eggs breakfast with Mike (08) every day. I go grocery shopping every weekend. Heres another p iece of advice, find a cooking buddy. Mutual encouragement and motivation will keep you fed (and cheaply!) every day. If its a friend, you can snack in the lounges watching tv, if its a boyfriend/girlfriend, dim the lights and light a couple of candles. Either way, its a good time and usually a good break from problem sets. I spend maybe $40-50 a week on groceries, eat 2-3 meals every day, fancier on the weekends. Its a good deal, and cooking isnt that hard. Even you can learn. Here, I will throw in a couple of pictures. Since that is my job. These are some of the CCD images that I (yes, thats right, me) took (w/ my partner) using a 8 telescope for my freshman year astronomy seminar that I talked about. For 3 hours a week we froze our butts off on the roof of building 37 each at our little telescopes looking at stars, planets, and galaxies. Making LIFESIZE sketches and taking pictures. Actually, the first is a page from my lab notebook with some sketches of saturn. These are the images. This one is saturn. It looked a lot better in the telescope. Look, we werent using hubble, you have to lower your expectations a bit. A globular cluster. (First ever in the class!) I was still pretty psyched to get these. This is the moon: And lastly, the orion nebula. Anyways. Its time to end my big ol ranting entry. In conclusion, do I think I will get straight As this year? Hardly. Im taking much harder classes. But do I think this will be my best semester yet at MIT? You bet. OKAY THANKS FOR YOUR TIME -Lulu

RISK MANAGEMENT - 1971 Words

Risk Management Plan for the Charming Cafe reference: Version 1.0: date: 7/28/2014 VERSION HISTORY Version # Implemented By Revision Date Approved By Approval Date Reason TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦1 1.1 Project Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 1.2 Project Scope†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...5 1.3 Project Task(WBS)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.7 1.4 Purpose of Risk Management Plan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.8 2 Risk Management Planning†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 2.1 Process†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.8 2.2 Risk Identification†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...9 2.3 Risk Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦17†¦show more content†¦6.0 Food Safety and Quality 6.1 Training Associates 7.0 Maintenance 8.0 Contract and Agreements 8.1 Obtaining Suppliers 8.2 Obtaining Insurances 9.0 Regulatory Requirements 9.1 Fire Locations 9.2 Alarms 1.4 Purpose Of The Risk Management Plan A risk is an event or condition that, if it occurs, could have a positive or negative effect on a project’s objectives. Risk Management is the process of identifying, assessing, responding to, monitoring, and reporting risks. This Risk Management Plan defines how risks associated with the Charming Cafà © project will be identified, analyzed, and managed. It outlines how risk management activities will be performed, recorded, and monitored throughout the lifecycle of the project. It details how risk are prioritized. The Risk Management Plan is created by the project manager in the planning phase and is monitored and updated throughout the project. 1 risk management assessment 2.1 Process The project manager working with the project team and project sponsors will ensure that risks are activelyShow MoreRelatedRisks And Risks Of Risk Management3542 Words   |  15 Pagesvalue of risk management in healthcare industries today. Not only is it difficult to quantify how risk is prevented because it didn’t happen; challenging measures need to be taken to assess risk managements effectiveness and efficiency. Risk management reduces the likelihood of specific losses by formulating tactical strategies and gathering data on potential threats in the workplace. Risk is inevitable, whether it be patient safety risks, fraudulent claim risks, or documentation risks, problemsRead MoreRisk Management And Risk Mitigation849 Words   |  4 PagesRisk management consorts with the assessment, detection and avoidance methods in order to minimize the adverse effects of risk on organizations. Risk management techniques compose of loss control, risk retention, risk avoidance and risk transfer. One project could potentially have numerous different risk management models throughout its lifecycle. If a senior artist retires before the movie is complete, the production of art renderings will be delayed and will result in slipping the project scheduleRead MoreRisks Of Risk Management Discipline Essay913 Words   |  4 PagesRisk is the chance that the actual return from an investment may differ from what is expected. (Hickman, K. A., Byrd, J. W., McPherson, M. 2013) Risk management discipline has evolved and expanded over the years and has shifted the focus from financial risks to a broader perspective with strategic risks. (Bugalia, J., Kallman, J. 2012) Risk management involves; organizing, planning, controlling, leading and allocating resources and make decision for the organization for a success path. To achieveRead MoreRisks Of Risk Management Programs963 Words   |  4 PagesRisk Management Risk management is defined as the orderly procedure of recognizing, assessing, analyzing and tending to get rid of potential risks that exist within the organization. To make it more simple and understandable risk management is the procedure to secure the advantages by maximizing modern techniques to minimize the risk that might lead to the breach of information privacy and information security. Managing risk is a proactive function of any organization. The concept of risk managementRead MoreRisk Management10258 Words   |  42 Pagespapers are available from the author. Integrated Risk Management for the Firm: A Senior Managers Guide Lisa K. Meulbroek Harvard Business School Soldiers Field Road Boston,MA 02163 The author gratefully acknowledges the financial support of Harvard Business Schools Division of Research. Email: Lmeulbroek@hbs.edu Abstract This paper is intended as a risk management primer for senior managers. It discusses the integrated risk management framework, emphasizing the connections between theRead MoreThe Risks Of Risk Management1632 Words   |  7 PagesThe ability to understand and quantify risk, is of the utmost importance. This is something that can be used to define the precise ways that risk should have the ability to be managed, and the precise way that risk should be dealt with on a macro level. It is important to understand that risk management is an excellent medium in which risk could be mitigated. This is an important variable that must be understood in this case, as there are many potential risk areas that the firm must deal with. ByRead MoreRisks And Benefits Of Risk Management Essay2191 Words   |  9 Pagesobjective considered the basic premise in the concept of risk management. The uncertainty is a source of risks and opportunities that could create or destroy value. Risk management provides the ability to respond effectively to the risks and opportunities associated with the u ncertainty that the organization faces, strengthening the organization s value creation capacity. The value of the organization is maximized with one hand when management is developing a strategy and targets to achieve an optimalRead MoreRisk Governance : Risk Management3427 Words   |  14 Pagespaper examines the risk governance can aim the boards to achieve expected risk oversight outcomes. This paper introduces the risk oversight function that is the responsibility of the boards, and reviews the origin and development of risk governance theory. Also, it discusses both risk governance frameworks and ISO 3000’ approach to the risk governance. At the end, there is an analysis of limitation of risk governance as pragmatic guidance for directors, and recommend 1) reducing risk governance limitation;Read MoreQuestions On Risk And Risk Management944 Words   |  4 Pages............................................................. 3 2. THE CONCEPT OF RISK............................................................ 3 2.1. Definition of Risk.......................................................... 3 2.2. Types of Risk............................................................... 3 2.3. Risk Assessment.......................................................... 4 2.4. Risk Management......................................................... 5 2.5. Uncertainty InfluencesRead MoreRisks Of A Risk Management Process1208 Words   |  5 PagesEvery day businesses face the challenge of being exposed to potential risks. Whether these risks are internal to the company financially, damaged caused to the interior or exterior of the building itself, or lawsuits due to liability losses, businesses have a responsibility to be prepared. There are numerous ways for businesses to protect themselves from possible risks resulting from a loss. Risks may also vary depending on the type of business and operations it conducts. Not all companies will be

What Was The Martinus Mission - 883 Words

4. What was ‘Martinus MISSION’? †¢ THE PRIME MISSION of MARTINUS’ WAS and IS â€Å"TO MAKE PEOPLE TO LOVE EACH OTHER†! LOVE is to become THE HABITUAL ABILITY or Automatic Consciousness -TO DO WHAT IS THE MOST LOVING THINGS TO DO IN ANY GIVEN SITUATION. â€Å"Love alone constitutes the distinctive mark of divine affinity and all-pervading love results in general mental co-habitation, harmony between intelligence emotion – perfect satisfaction of our greatest desires and the pinnacles of bliss state in physical sphere of existence.† (Quotes from book # , ‘ON THE BIRTH OF MY MISSION’, chapter #6) †¢ After the age of thirty and the soaring experience of Powerful Transformation of Consciousness, Martinus was entirely and unequivocally devoted to the job of conveying the Absolute Truth to the world of terrestrial humans on the following: the inner Structure Life, their own Immortality, the Eternal and Infinite Universe, and the Eternal Cosmic Laws that Govern Maintain Life by making an utterly abstract content GRASPABLE, APPREHENSIBLE, and generally INTELLIGIBLE to the advanced human intelligence. †¢ Martinus has always strongly advised to be extremely skeptical critical of his work, that must be â€Å"†¦verified by anyone ethically disposed and sufficiently impartial and open minded†, undeniably knowing NO ONE COULD CONTRADICT ANYTHING. No a man-made science could challenge Martinus work in any conceivable aspect. †¢ The purpose of Martinus nine thousand written pages of Cosmic AbundantShow MoreRelatedWhat Was The Mission Of Martinus?944 Words   |  4 Pages 4. What was the ‘MISSION of Martinus’? †¢ Undoubtedly, THE PRIME MISSION of MARTINUS’ WAS and IS â€Å"TO MAKE PEOPLE TO LOVE EACH OTHER†! He has seen LOVE as Cosmic Perpetua Mobile and was providing the solutions for love transformation into THE HABITUAL ABILITY or Automatic Consciousness -TO DO WHAT IS THE MOST LOVING THINGS TO DO IN ANY GIVEN SITUATION. â€Å"Love alone constitutes the distinctive mark of divine affinity and all-pervading love results in general mental co-habitation, harmony between intelligenceRead MoreNotes On Martinus And His Spiritual Science1090 Words   |  5 PagesSEGMENT 1: ANSWERS ON MARTINUS HIS SPIRITUAL SCIENCE 1. 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Besides, general closely paraphrased statement that water isRead MoreSojourner Truth: A Woman of Courage1208 Words   |  5 Pageshero to blacks, slaves, and women. She was also an abolitionist and a champion of womens rights speaking through the country. She acted on her feelings about life and the way it should be. But, in Battle Creek, Michigan where Sojourner Truth spent her last years, and everywhere else, she is known for her powerful speeches that traveled the nation advocating for the fair treatment of freed slaves. Sojourner Truth was born in 1797, born into slavery, and was given the name Isabella Baumfree. Sojourner’sRead MoreEssay on The Ethics Concerning Space Debris2423 Words   |  10 Pagesstill in orbit by September 1997. Only 6% of the catalogued orbit population are operational spacecraft, while 50% is said to be due to decommissioned satellites, spent upper stages, and objects such as launch adapter and lens covers, which are mission related. The other 44% is originating from 140 on-orbit fragmentations. These events have been the main source that has generated a population of objects larger than 1cm on the order of 70000 to 150000. Efforts to provide a definitive assessmentRead MoreInternational Business Essay3115 Words   |  13 PagesInternational Labour Organization (ILO). I will discuss a summary of the organization mission and objective, internationalization process of ILO’s successfulness that help in some countries and its impacts on international context. Finally concluding the experience learned from the organization and an understanding of the organizational phenomena as a whole. Overview, Mission amp; Objective ILOs mission was set by its Director-General (ILO 2012), To promote opportunities for women and men toRead MoreTorpey 1998 State Monopolization Of Legitimate Means Of Movement12377 Words   |  50 Pagescapitalistdevelopmentinvolved the expropriationof the means of productionfrom workers by capitalists. The result of this process was that workers were deprived of the capacity to produce on their own and became dependent upon wages from the owners of the means of production for their survival. Borrowing this rhetoric,Marx s greatest heir and critic, Max Weber,arguedthat a central feature of the modernexperience was the successful expropriationof the means of violence from individualsby the state. In the modernworld,Read MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagesdot.com. Formula One – developing the capabilities for competitive success in a hi-tech industry. Manchester United – clash of expectations in the football world. Salvation Army – strategic challenges for a global not-for-profit organisation with a mission. Bayer MS – corporate social responsibility in the international development of a German company. Eurotunnel – clash of cultures threatens to derail Anglo–French rail link. Ryanair – competitive challenge and strategic choice in the budget airlineRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesthe Contributors †¢ 343 _ IN TR OD UC TIO N Michael Adas B y any of the customary measures we deploy to demarcate historical epochs, the twentieth century does not appear to be a very coherent unit. The beginnings and ends of what we choose to call centuries are almost invariably years of little significance. But there is little agreement over when the twentieth century c.e. arrived, and there were several points both before the year 2000 (the collapse of the Soviet Union

The impact of medias representation of ideal body size on...

(Posavac, Posavac Posavac, 1998). It has even been suggested that the Medias overwhelming representation of thinness has a large contributing factor towards young women’s attitudes of their own body weight dissatisfaction (Jacobi Cash‚ 1994). This dissatisfaction stems from discrepancies between the accepted standard of female body image repeatedly shown in today’s media and their own bodies leading to the formation of attitudes that their own weight is not adequate. For example, a meta-analysis comparing the results of 25 studies that presented media images of thin models, reported a significant effect size (of d= -0.31) across all studies, showing that women feel worse about their own body image after exposure to thin images than†¦show more content†¦This finding suggests that by using average-size models in advertising, it may protect some women from developing body dissatisfaction and will help avoid worsening of any existing body-image concerns. Ma ny campaigns have tried to address the detrimental effects that the medias consistent endorsement of thinness has on women’s self-esteem, and the subsequent impact on mental health and eating disorders. More specifically, a recent drive by the Government, in particular the Equalities minister Jo Swinson, has encouraged the introduction of the use of plus-size mannequins and models by clothing retailers. It has been suggested that many women want to see more realistic images of body shapes in magazines, TV and on the high street, and having models and mannequins that portray that may promote healthier attitudes towards our own bodies among women, increasing body confidence. Previous research has highlighted the consequences of overrepresentation of thinness in the media on attitudes about one’s own body image, which in many cases leads to negative effects on mental health and the development of eating disorders. This experiment is designed to investigate how exposure to medias portrayal of ideal body size effects participants attitudes towards their own body weight. The novel aspect of this research is that it will compare the effects of media images of fashion on size-zero mannequins that are currentlyShow MoreRelatedRepresentation Of The Female Body Image And The Mass Media1586 Words   |  7 PagesREPRESENTATION OF HOW WOMEN PROMOTE EXCERSISE IN NEW ZEALAND MEDIA AND HOW IT AFFECTS FEMALES Female Body Image and the Mass Media: Perspectives on How Women Internalize the Ideal Beauty Standard Representation of women in the media can change the way that the people of New Zealander’s think of themselves. Media has a powerful ability to reach many people and to influence and direct attitudes of our country’s behaviours and knowledge. - Magazines (the representation of kiwi identity they create)Read MoreThe Effect Of Body Image On Women s Self Perceptions And Feelings About Body Satisfaction And Physical Appearance1798 Words   |  8 Pages Body image is a major concern in women’s self-perceptions and feelings about body satisfaction and physical appearance. Individuals are at higher risk to experience negative body image issues if they hold beliefs and cognitions about their physical appearance, regardless of body mass (Butters Cash, 1987). Over weight and appearance related issues often surfaces early in females development, and continues throughout their lifespan. The importance of physical appearance is emphasized and reinforcedRead MoreThe Sexualization Of Women s Status2384 Words   |  10 Pagessexually aggressive. Mass media’s portrayal of black women is not a unique phenomenon. 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Burials by AFI free essay sample

The fans of AFI have often been separated into two, radically distinct categories: those who have supported the band since their esoteric horror punk days, and the deluge of new followers who hopped on the bandwagon following the groups groundbreaking release Sing the Sorrow, which catapulted their newfangled brand of tortured alternative rock into the mainstream eye. Some self-declared purists have been quick to decry the evolving sound of AFI, accusing them of swapping their earlier aggression for accessible hooks and an over-polished production technique. I think, though, that some of these hardened pessimists would be quick to retract their criticism when exposed to the bands latest effort Burials, an album which seems to combine their past sounds into a cohesive, addicting package. Right off the bat, the bands traditional obsession with bleak, pensive musicality is called to the forefront. The album opens with â€Å"The Sinking Night†, marching drums and a dystopian guitar lick carrying the charge. We will write a custom essay sample on Burials by AFI or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Its a clever and effective opener, culminating with a barrage of punishing power chords, segueing perfectly into â€Å"I Hope You Suffer†, a fluidly menacing track containing both a punks caustic lyricism, and the reserved, efficient musicianship expected from a band of AFIs breed. The layering of disparate sounds to produce a new vision is quite commendable on this album, solidifying their place in the alt-rock consciousness of today. This positive trend continues throughout the album. â€Å"Greater Than 84† is an uptempo surprise situated towards the end of the album, punctuated by a jagged, satisfying guitar riff, and a relentlessly catchy chorus which could have been sung by any given pop-punk band circa 2001. â€Å"Anxious† takes on the form of a driving, anthemic expression of pure melancholy. As the swirling backup vocals and wild guitars sweep the song to a close, the singer Davey Havoks sentiments, whether actively expressed or not, are achingly palpable. Its moments like these where the purpose behind the album really becomes clear, the desire of the band to unite both their major eras under a storm of existentialist angst. Overall, while the artistic merits of this sort of music can be thoroughly debated, Burials is an album which offers seemingly endless replay value, a valuable testament to the repurposing of past sounds and messages.

Charles Ives Essays - Guggenheim Fellows, Charles Ives,

Charles Ives Born in Danbury, Connecticut on October 20, 1874, Charles Ives pursued what is perhaps one of the most extraordinary and paradoxical careers in American music history. Businessman by day and composer by night, Ives's vast output has gradually brought him recognition as the most original and significant American composer of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Inspired by transcendentalist philosophy, Ives sought a highly personalized musical expression through the most innovative and radical technical means possible. A fascination with bi-tonal forms, polyrhythms, and quotation was nurtured by his father who Ives would later acknowledge as the primary creative influence on his musical style. Ironically, much of Ives's work would not be heard until his virtual retirement from music and business in 1930 due to severe health problems. The conductor Nicolas Slonimsky, music critic Henry Bellamann, pianist John Kirkpatrick, and the composer Lou Harrison (who conducted the premiere of the Symphony No. 3) played a key role in introducing Ives's music to a wider audience. Henry Cowell was perhaps the most significant figure in fostering public and critical attention for Ives's music, publishing several of the composer's works in his New Music Quarterly. The American composer Charles Ives learned a great deal from his bandmaster father, George Ives, and a love of the music of Bach. At the same time he was exposed to a variety of very American musical influences, later reflected in his own idiosyncratic compositions. Ives was educated at Yale and made a career in insurance, reserving his activities as a composer for his leisure hours. Ironically, by the time that his music had begun to arouse interest, his own inspiration and energy as a composer had waned, so that for the last thirty years of his life he wrote little, while his reputation grew. The symphonies of Ives include music essentially American in inspiration and adventurous in structure and texture, collages of America, expressed in a musical idiom that makes use of complex polytonality (the use of more than one key or tonality at the same time) and rhythm. Symphony No. 3, reflects much of Ives's own background, carrying the explanatory title Camp Meeting and movement titles Old Folks Gatherin', Children's Day and Communion. Symphony No. 4 includes a number of hymns and Gospel songs, and his so-called First Orchestral Set, otherwise known as New England Symphony, depicts three places in New England. Much of the earlier organ music written by Ives from the time of his student years, when he served as organist in a number of churches, found its way into later compositions. The second of his two piano sonatas, Concord, Mass. 1840 - 60, has the characteristic movement titles Emerson, Hawthorne, The Alcotts and Thoreau, a very American literary celebration. The first of the two string quartets of Ives has the characteristic title From the Salvation Army and is based on earlier organ compositions, while the fourth of his four violin sonatas depicts Children's Day at the Camp Meeting. Ives wrote a number of psalm settings, part-songs and verse settings for unison voices and orchestra. In his many solo songs he set verses ranging from Shakespeare, Goethe and Heine to Whitman and Kipling, with a number of texts of his own creation. Relatively well known songs by Ives include Shall We Gather at the River, The Cage and The Side-Show. In 1947, Ives was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for his Symphony No. 3, according him a much deserved international renown. Soon after, his works were taken up and championed by such leading conductors as Leonard Bernstein. At his death in 1954, he had witnessed a rise from obscurity to a position of unsurpassed eminence among the world's leading performers and musical institutions. Bibliography Swaffork, Jan. The Vintage Guide to Classical Music. Charles Ives New York: Random House Inc. 1992.

Ethical Issues in Counseling Essay Example

Ethical Issues in Counseling Essay Example Ethical Issues in Counseling Essay Ethical Issues in Counseling Essay Ethical motiveWhen I sit and think about what the construct of moralss agencies to me. it seems as if there are many thoughts that come to mind. Although they all revert back to one simple significance and that is to believe in what you say and say what you believe. Treat everyone every bit. make non judge one individual from the following and make your occupation as you have been taught. I think that we should utilize moralss in our mundane lives non merely in the work force country. As per our literature the term moralss means. cosmopolitan rules that societies have determined to be right. merely and just and are by and large regarded as the criterions that govern the behavior of a individual. ( Unit 02: Ethical Issues in Counseling ) 1. Following. discourse the National Association of Alcohol and Drug Abuse Counselors ( NAADAC’s ) Code of Ethics. Smith and Hodges define moralss as a human reflecting self-consciously on the act of being a moral being. This implies a procedure of self-reflection and consciousness of how to act as a moral being. Some definitions are dictated by jurisprudence. single belief systems. faith or a mixture of all three.NAADAC recognizes that its members and certified counsellors live and work in many diverse communities. NAADAC has established a set of ethical best-practices that apply to universal ethical deliberation. Further. NAADAC recognizes and encourages the impression that personal and professional moralss can non be deal t with as separate spheres. NAADAC members. dependence professionals and/or licensed/certified intervention suppliers ( later referred to as dependence professionals ) recognize that the ability to make good is based on an implicit in concern for the wellbeing of others. This concern emerges from acknowledgment that we are all stakeholders in each other’s lives – the wellbeing of each is closely bound to the wellbeing of all ; that when the felicity of some is purchased by the sadness of others. the phase is set for the wretchedness of all. Addiction professionals must move in such a manner that they would hold no embarrassment if their behaviour became a affair of public cognition and would hold no trouble supporting their actions before any competent authorization.The NAADAC Code of Ethics was written to regulate the behavior of its members and it is the recognized criterion of behavior for dependence professionals certified by the National Certification Commission. The codification of moralss reflects ideals of NAADAC and its members. When an moralss ailment is filed with NAADAC. it is evaluated by confer withing the NAADAC Code of Ethics. The NAADAC Code of Ethics is designed as a statement of the values of the profession and as a usher for doing clinical determinations. This codification is besides utilized by province enfranchisement boards and educational establishments to measure the behaviour of dependence professionals and to steer the enfranchisement procedure. What sort of issues does NAADAC’s Code of Ethics reference?2. Last. choose one constituent of NAADAC’s Code of Ethics. Briefly summarize the constituent and discourse how it will impact your interaction with clients. For illustration. you may take the constituent of the Counseling Relationship or Professional Responsibility within NAADAC’s Code of Ethics. All documents should be written utilizing 12 point Times New Roman font with one inch borders. Be certai n to properly mention all beginnings used within your composing assignment utilizing APA format. For a reappraisal of APA manner and how to mention beginnings. delight see Proper APA Format Citation in the Study Skills schoolroom or see the Research Guides page on the Online Library Resources site.

Summarize Queen Magdas journey Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Summarize Queen Magdas journey - Coursework Example On hearing the message stating her wish to depart, Solomon pleaded with her to stay so that he could show her how his government works and the state of his soldiers and dignitaries. Queen Magda complied after hearing all she had missed and attended King Solomon’s supper and she sat behind him as he had stated that she will linger behind him. Solomon ordered his servant to serve a repast for Queen Magda with the intention of making her thirsty. Solomon approached Queen Magda and begged her to reside with her in his quarters. The Queen made him make a vow that he would not touch her and she promised she would not touch anything that belonged to Solomon. Later in the night, she became very thirsty and she opted to take the water present in Solomon’s room. Solomon caught her and reminded her of their vow and she opted to break the vow for the water in the vase. They slept together and Solomon had a vision about the sun moving from Israel to Ethiopia. After her encounter, Ma gda sought to return to Ethiopia and Solomon gave her treasures and other precious things. He gave her his ring and told her to keep it as his token of love, and in the event that she bore a child, the ring would be a sign of his recognition. The Quincy Mayans Myth stated that the gods had sought to create humans who would come as a source of nourishment and sustain them in the light of the day. Later, humans and God's relations became poor and the humans fell out of favor with the gods for their lack of worship to the gods.

NPR Verses Commercial Radio Shows Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

NPR Verses Commercial Radio Shows - Assignment Example The 3-hour show is hosted by Steve Inskeep and Monagne Renee. It is a very interesting show which offers a lot of news and entertainment to the listeners. Indeed, the organization of this show is very much different from the rest of the commercial radio stations. Since KASU 91.9 FM is not aiming at making any profit, it is purely committed to providing uninterrupted show. Meaning, all discussions, music and news are not frequently interrupted by advertisements the way it is in the commercial radio stations. This makes it so appealing and interesting at all times. In this regard, I would like to point out that KASU 91.9 FM should continue to be supported by the public. It is worth supporting since it has a lot of education, entertainment and news to offer to the listeners. Unlike the commercial radio stations, it does not generate money from commercial adverts. This explains why its content is properly designed to suite the entire society which listens to it. Therefore, they need to support all its programs by constantly contributing to it and listening to all its

The Structure Conduct Performance Framework In Industrial Organizations Economics Essay

The Structure Conduct Performance Framework In Industrial Organizations Economics Essay The SCP paradigm assumes that the market structure determines the conduct of the organization. This conduct, in turn, is the determinant of market performance. Examples of market performance include efficiency, profitability and growth. The framework seeks to establish that certain structures of the industry can lead to certain kinds of conduct or behaviour which then leads to various types of economic performance. The SCP paradigm was developed through evaluation of empirical studies involving American industries. Theoretical models were not used to support the paradigm. The conclusion that was drawn from empirical studies was that market structure determined performance. This is caused by the belief that the laws of competition should not be based on behavioural models but rather on structural remedies. According to J.S. Bain who developed the paradigm in the 1950s, most industries became concentrated than necessary (Ferguson Ferguson, 1994). In concentrated industries, there are high barriers to entry. New firms cannot enter these markets that easily. The SCP approach has been subjected to criticism in the recent years. Some critics say that the relationships between structure, conduct and performance are more complicated than originally thought (Ferguson Ferguson, 1994). Attempts are being made to link the framework back to the neoclassical theory. However, industrial organizations still use the SCP approach for analysis and as a tool in policy formulation. The SCP paradigm remains to be a basic tool used by industrial organizations in competition analysis. Structure is defined as the components and characteristics of the various markets and industries in an economy. Structure also involves the different sectors of the economy. In the SCP approach, structure is described as the characteristics and relevance of individual markets operating within the economy (Papatheodorou, 2006). It provides a description of the environment in which organizations operate within a specific market. The said structure can be identified by considering the size and number of buyers and sellers in the market. The structure can also be identified based on product differentiation, market barriers and the extent of integration or diversification of firms. Conduct in the SCP approach involves all actions and behaviour of organizations regarding the decisions being taken and the reasons behind them. Conduct focuses on how organizations set prices. Organizations will have to determine whether these prices are in collusion with other firms in the market (Perloff et. al., 2007). Industrial economists are concerned with the performance of organizations. Firms should be able to identify whether their activities and operations will improve economic welfare. Firms should also satisfy and meet customer demands within a specific period. The SCP approach helps organizations analyse whether their processes and products are produced efficiently. Organizations should determine whether the allocation of resources is efficient and effective. The right approach is not to waste resources and produce the right products in just the right quantities. Firms should also look at the other aspects of performance like the relationship between price and cost of product as well as the profits earned (De Jong Shepherd, 2007). In the current market, consumer tastes do not change that much. Producers and consumers are said to be perfectly informed. Because of the market conditions, the economic welfare can be maximized using the Pareto analysis in which marginal conditions are expected to be fulfilled. Under marginal conditions, firms are expected to set prices so that they will be equivalent to marginal cost. Using the neoclassical perfect competition model, firms can maximize their profits by ensuring that price will equal marginal cost. This will result in an effective combination of price and output (Ferguson Ferguson, 1994). The SCP approach states that performance should be determined by the conduct of organizations. This conduct is then determined by the characteristics of market structures. The relationships between structure, conduct and performance will then match the models of monopoly, perfect competition, oligopoly and monopolistic competition. The traditional SCP approach is attractive since it is straightforward in its line of reasoning and is comfortable with the identification of structural characteristics (Jones Sufrin, 2010). This kind of approach provides clear guidelines to firms regarding policymaking decisions. The performance of the firm can be further improved by taking actions that are designed to influence the current structures of a specific market. In most cases, performance can be predicted by considering structural conditions of the market. Such conditions can provide sufficient information and predict how organizations should behave. Ignoring conduct in all market conditions c an lead to misleading predictions in markets operating under oligopoly. However, modern economists no longer believe that structures determine the performance of firms (Papatheodorou, 2006). Still, they accept the idea that market structures are important for firms to not behave competitively. The traditional SCP paradigm has two main aspects. The first involves firms obtaining measurements of performance. This can be done by getting a direct measurement rather than just an estimate. The second aspect involves economists using observations gathered from across industries. This is done to create a regression of performance measures on various structures to be used in explaining market performance differences between industries (Papatheodorou, 2006). The measures of market performance can determine whether market power operates in an industry. Measurements of direct or indirect profit are indicators of the performance of an industry against competitive benchmarks. Some of these measurements are rate of return and price-cost margin. To determine how performance is different from structure, industrial economists will need to know the measures of market structure. One common measure of market structure is firm size distribution. This is concerned with the most important issue involving market structure. The relative size and number of firms are indicators of market structure. Organizations will exert more market power when there are few firms in the market. In most SCP research, industry concentration is a term used to measure the market shares of firms in the market (De Jong Shepherd, 2007). SCP studies have ignored the issue regarding exogenous measures relating to market structure. Common concentration measures are not considered as exogenous measures. Another serious issue in relation to this type of measure for market structure is bias. Most concentration measures are said to be biased due to improper descriptions in the market. Since international trade is more significant in other countries than just in US markets, another bias can come from ignoring exports and imports (De Jong Shepherd, 2007). Domestic concentration measures may not be significant measures of market power in such international industries. The Chicago School Critique. The Chicago School is a school of free-market economics. Unlike the Harvard University which was where the SCP paradigm originated, the foundations for competition analysis were based on the theoretical model of neoclassical theory rather than on empirical studies (Cseres, 2005). The Chicago School believed in the establishment of anti-trust laws. Economic efficiency should be the exclusive goal. Economic efficiency has two parts namely productive efficiency and allocated efficiency. In some instances, practices that can improve the organizationà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s productive efficiency can lower the allocated efficiency of the market (Perloff et al., 2007). The Chicago School also believe that most markets are competitive in nature. Even if some markets have a few sellers, the market remains competitive. Product differentiation is less likely to undermine competition. Product differentiation and high market concentration do not contribute to anti-competitive issues (Perloff et al., 2007). The critique of the Chicago School was based on two grounds. One is that government intervention depends on the loosely demonstrated failures of market. The abuse of market power is an example of market failure. The remedies proposed by the SCP paradigm do not need to improve in addressing the problem. The Chicago school also believes that the SCP paradigm is entirely based on anonymous market transactions and price theory (Clegg, 2006). Since the paradigm is based from these sources, it does not recognize the complex relationships that exist within and outside organizations. For example, an organization can choose to limit the number of suppliers in order to reduce the level of competition among them. The action may result in a complex pricing formula rather than getting a fixed unit price to filter customers. The price theory that drives the SCP paradigm is said to be lacking in explanatory power according to the Chicago school (Clegg, 2006). There are limitations because it explores how actors interact within a market. The Chicago paradigm takes a more dynamic approach to economic events. The inefficiency brought by market power is temporary in nature. This efficiency will soon be eliminated by the entry of more innovative organizations. The SCP paradigm has produced different variations of empirical work. Market structure is affected by different basic conditions. These basic conditions include technology, business culture, consumer preferences and product durability among other variables (Audretsch, 2006). Government intervention affects every component of the paradigm. Government intervention may come in the form of regulations, taxes and subsidies, international trade policies and price controls. The SCP paradigm is used as a type of checklist for policymakers (Audretsch, 2006). They should also understand the function of transaction cost economics. This is a concept that attempts to identify the most efficient institutional and organizational activities that will help reduce transaction costs. Transaction costs economics is also based on the concept of bounded rationality. Economic factors are believed to be purposely rational but limited. Transaction cost economics also recognizes that the internal management o f the organization and markets can be alternative forms of allocating resources (Cseres, 2005). These also rely on the facts with corresponding effects if an organization has achieved efficiency. The most efficient firm will be able to either enter the market and engage in specific transactions or take the transactions out of the market and into the organization. These transactions for example, can be the production of goods and services within a vertically integrated firm. To determine whether or not the transaction should be brought into the firm and taken out of the market, organizations should determine the frequency of the transaction. If the transactions are to be conducted frequently, it is best to bring that type of transaction into the organization (Cseres, 2005). The specific transaction might need skilled labour to complete. If for example the transaction seldom occurs like the construction of a new plant, the most efficient resource allocation will be to enter the market and contract services for the transaction to be performed (Jones Sufrin, 2010). The same concept applies when firms decide on the degree of uncertainty. If the risk is great, vertical integration into an organization will bring the most efficiency. If the product can be easily duplicated, the transaction should be conducted in the market. Modern Theory of Industrial Organization. The modern theory of industrial organization is a combination of the SCP and Chicago paradigms into a more comprehensive and successful approach (Jones Sufrin, 2010). This is known as the contract-based approach to industrial organization. The SCP paradigm still provides the guidelines but the analysis of conduct is extended from pricing theory to more contract behaviours. In conclusion, the traditional SCP paradigm is still useful for firms as a tool for analysis but other tools or measurements are needed to support the SCP approach. Static economic theories state that profits in the long-run may vary with market structures. These economic theories do not mention anything about the relationship between the market structure and profits during the short-run. Using the SCP paradigm alone may not result in accurate analysis.

Lewis Latimer :: essays research papers

Lewis Latimer Lewis Howard Latimer was born in Chelsea, Massachusetts, on September 4, 1848, six years after his parents, George and Rebecca Latimer, had run away from slavery in Virginia. They were determined to be free and that their children be born on free soil. Because of his light complexion, George was able to pose as a plantation owner with the darker-skinned Rebecca as his slave. Shortly after arriving in Boston, Massachusetts, he was recognized as a fugitive and jailed while his wife was taken to a safe hiding place. The arrest was protested vigorously by the community. Frederick Douglass, a former slave who had escaped to Massachusetts several years earlier, and abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison spoke forcefully against the arrest. There was a trial, and the attempts to recapture George and return him to Virginia caused considerable agitation in Boston. When the trial judge ruled that Latimer still belonged to his Virginia owner, an African-American minister paid $400 for his release. Although free, George was still extremely poor, working as a barber, paper-han ger and in other odd jobs to support his wife, three sons, and one daughter. Lewis Latimer, the youngest child, attended grammar school and was an excellent student who loved to read and draw. Most of his time, though, was spent working with his father, which was typical of children in the 19th century. In 1857, the Supreme Court ruled that a slave named Dred Scott could not be considered a free man although he had lived in a free state. George Latimer disappeared shortly after the decision became known. Because he had no official papers to prove he was a free man, he possibly feared for his safety and that of his family. With his father gone and his mother struggling to keep the family together, Lewis falsified his age and joined the U.S. Navy in 1864 when he was sixteen years old. When the Civil War ended he was honorably discharged and returned to Boston to seek employment. In 1868 he secured a job as an office boy in the Crosby and Gould patent law firm, a company that specialized in helping inventors protect their patents. By closely observing draftsmen at work and reading books on the subject, Latimer taught himself mechanical drawing. He learned to skillfully use the vital tools of the trade, such as T squares, triangles, compasses, and rulers, and mastered the art of drawing to scale.

Computer Operating Systems

ICT 100: Introduction to Information and Communications Technology Unit 3: Operating Systems Objectives: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Define the term software Differentiate between system software and application software Define the terms operating system and utility program Identify the types of operating systems Explain the boot process of a computer Describe the functions of an operating system Identify common utility programs Software, also called a program, consists of a series of related instructions, organized for a common purpose, that tells the computer what tasks to perform and how to perform them.The two categories of software are system software and application software. System Software System software consists of the programs that control or maintain the operations of the computer and its devices. System software serves as the interface between the user, the application software, and the computer’s hardware. It includes the following: 1. Operating Systems 2. Library Programs 3. Utility Programs Operating Systems An operating system (OS) is a set of programs containing instructions that work together to coordinate all the activities among computer hardware resources.Every computer needs an operating system to act as an interface between the user and the computer hardware. It allows the user to perform tasks without having to know how they are done. For example, a user can give a command to save a file on disk without having to know where the file will be stored or how it will be retrieved again. When a command is given to print a document, the user does not have to be concerned with the details of how the printer works – a program called a device driver takes care of the details. ICT 100 – Operating Systems Page 1 of 9The operating system that a computer uses sometimes is called the platform. With purchased application software, the package or specifications identify the required platform (operating system). A cross-platform program is one tha t runs the same on multiple operating systems. Application programs are usually written to work with a particular operating system, so that a word processor, which works with Windows, will not work on an Apple Mac, which has a different operating system. When purchasing application software, ensure that it works with the operating system installed on your computer or mobile device.The Bootstrap Process The process of starting or restarting a computer is called booting. When turning on a computer that has been powered off completely, you are performing a cold boot. A warm boot is the process of using the operating system to restart a computer. A warm boot properly closes any running processes and programs; however, it does not save any unsaved work. Thus, always remember to save your work before rebooting (restarting) a computer. Each time you boot a computer, the kernel and other frequently used operating system instructions are loaded, or copied, from storage into the computer†™s memory (RAM).The kernel is the core of an operating system that manages memory and devices, maintains the computer’s clock, starts programs, and assigns the computer’s resources, such as devices, programs, data, and information. The kernel is memory resident, which means it remains in memory while the computer is running. Other parts of the operating system are nonresident, that is, these instructions remain on a storage medium until they are needed. When you boot a computer, a series of messages may appear on the screen. The actual information displayed varies depending on the make and type of the computer and the equipment installed.The boot process, however, is similar for large and small computers. The steps of the bootstrap process are given and explained below: Step 1: The power supply sends a signal to the components in the system unit. When you turn on the computer, the power supply sends an electrical signal to the components in the system unit. Step 2: T he processor finds the ROM chip(s) that contains the BIOS. The charge of electricity causes the processor chip to reset itself and find the ROM chip(s) that contains the BIOS. The BIOS (pronounced BYE-ose), which stands for basic input/output system, is firmware that contains the computer’s start-up instructions.ICT 100 – Operating Systems Page 2 of 9 Step 3: The BIOS performs the POST, which checks components, such as the mouse, keyboard, and adapter cards. The BIOS executes a series of tests to make sure the computer hardware is connected properly and operating correctly. The tests, collectively called the power-on self test (POST ), check the various system components including the buses, system clock, adapter cards, RAM chips, mouse, keyboard, and drives. As the POST executes, LEDs (tiny lights) flicker on devices such as the disk drives and keyboard.Beeps also may sound, and messages may appear on the screen. Step 4: The results of the POST are compared with data in a CMOS chip. The POST results are compared with data in a CMOS chip. CMOS is a technology that uses battery power to retain information when the computer is off. The CMOS chip stores configuration information about the computer, such as the amount of memory; type of disk drives, keyboard, and monitor; the current date and time; and other startup information. It also detects any new devices connected to the computer.If any problems are identified, the computer may beep, display error messages, or cease operating — depending on the severity of the problem. Step 5: The BIOS may look for the system files on a USB flash drive or on an optical disc drive or may look directly on drive C (hard disk). If the POST completes successfully, the BIOS searches for specific operating system files called system files. The BIOS may look first to see if a USB flash drive plugged in a USB port or a disc in an optical disc drive contains the system files, or it may look directly on drive C (th e designation usually iven to the first hard disk) for the system files. Step 6: The system files and the kernel of the operating system load into memory (RAM) from storage (i. e. , hard disk). Once located, the system files load into memory (RAM) from storage (usually the hard disk) and execute. Next, the kernel of the operating system loads into memory. Then, the operating system in memory takes control of the computer. Step 7: The operating system loads configuration information, may request user information, starts several background processes, and displays the desktop on the screen. The operating system loads system configuration information.Necessary operating system files are loaded into memory. On some computers, the operating system verifies that the person attempting to use the computer is a legitimate user. Finally, the desktop and icons are displayed on the screen. The operating system executes programs in the Startup folder, which contains a list of programs that open a utomatically when you boot the computer. ICT 100 – Operating Systems Page 3 of 9 Figure 1 The bootstrap process Shut down options including powering off the computer, placing the computer in sleep mode, and hibernating the computer.Sleep mode saves any open documents and programs to RAM, turns off all unneeded functions, and then places the computer in a low-power state. If, for some reason, power is removed from a computer that is in sleep mode, any unsaved work could be lost. Hibernate, by contrast, saves any open documents and programs to a hard disk before removing power from the computer. Operating System Functions Operating systems perform the following functions: (1) manage resources, (2) manage backing store, (3) handle interrupts, (4) provides a user interface, (5) provide networking capabilities, (6) provide security. . Manage Resources The operating system keeps track of all resources (CPU, disk, memory, files, input and output devices etc. ). Through scheduling it decides what process gets what resource, when it gets it, ICT 100 – Operating Systems Page 4 of 9 how much and for how long. This is called allocation of resources. Resources can also be taken away from a process. This is called de-allocation of resources. Memory Management Computers are capable of holding several programs in memory simultaneously so that a user can switch from one application to another.The purpose of memory management is to optimize the use of random access memory (RAM). The operating system allocates, or assigns, data and instructions to an area of memory while they are being processed. Then, it carefully monitors the contents of memory. Finally, the operating system releases these items from being monitored in memory when the processor no longer requires them. If there is no memory management then one program might accidentally address the memory space occupied by another. This would result in corrupting programs with potentially disastrous results.Virtu al memory is used when sufficient physical RAM is not available. Part of a hard disk is allocated to be used as if it were main memory. The speed of access is very slow compared to RAM access speed. File Management The file management part of an operating system has four basic functions: 1. To allocate space on the storage device to hold each file stored, and to deallocate space when a file is deleted. Space is usually divided into fixed size allocation units (addressable blocks) of say 512 or 1024 bytes. 2. To keep track of the allocation units occupied by each file.Files may be split over several allocation units, not necessarily contiguous (i. e. together). A file may initially occupy one unit of 512 bytes, and then when updated by a user, need extra space which may have to be found somewhere else on the disk. 3. To control file access rights and permissions. 4. To map logical file addresses to physical addresses. For example, a physical disk may be split into several logical dri ves C, D, E, F, G. Managing Programs Some operating systems support a single user and only one running program at a time. Others support thousands of users running multiple programs.How an operating system handles programs directly affects your productivity. A single user/single tasking operating system allows only one user to run one program at a time. A single user/multitasking operating system allows a single user to work on two or more programs that reside in memory at the same time. When a computer is running multiple programs concurrently, one program is in the foreground and the others are in the background. ICT 100 – Operating Systems Page 5 of 9 The one in the foreground is the active program, that is, the one you currently are using.The other programs running but not in use are in the background. A multiuser operating system enables two or more users to run programs simultaneously. Networks, servers, mainframes, and super computers allow hundreds to thousands of use rs to connect at the same time, and thus are multiuser. A multiprocessing operating system supports two or more processors running programs at the same time. Multiprocessing involves the coordinated processing of programs by more than one processor. Multiprocessing increases a computer’s processing speed. 2.Manage Backing Store The operating system is responsible for the transfer of data from secondary storage (e. g. disk) to memory and vice versa. It also has to maintain a directory of the disk so that files and free spaces can be quickly located. 3. Handle Interrupts The operating system detects interrupts (such as the click of the mouse or a process indicating that it is finished with the processor) and then performs the necessary task (such as allowing the processor to be used by another process). 4. Provide a User Interface You interact with software through its user interface.That is, a user interface controls how you enter data and instructions and how information is d isplayed on the screen. The operating system acts as a user interface between the user and the machine. Command-Line Interface To configure devices, manage system resources, and troubleshoot network connections, network administrators and other advanced users work with a commandline interface. In a command-line interface, a user types commands or presses special keys on the keyboard (such as function keys or key combinations) to enter data and instructions. Graphical User Interface Most users today work with a graphical user interface.With a graphical user interface (GUI), you interact with menus and visual images such as buttons and other graphical objects to issue commands. Many current GUI operating systems incorporate features similar to those of a Web browser, such as links and navigation buttons (i. e. , Back button and Forward button). Some GUI operating systems provide access to command-line interfaces. Menu-driven Interface User is presented with a range of options from whi ch to choose ICT 100 – Operating Systems Page 6 of 9 Form Interface A user interface in which the computer outputs separate prompt and response fields for a number of inputs.Natural Language – the interface consists of standard languages such as English, Spanish, French, and Dutch etc. 5. Provide Networking Capabilities Some operating systems have networking capabilities built in, others are creating specifically for managing networks, e. g. server operating systems. Networking capabilities include organizing and coordinating how multiple users access and share resources on a network. Resources include hardware, software, data, and information. For example, a server operating system allows multiple users to share a printer, Internet access, files, and programs.The network administrator, the person overseeing network operations, uses the server operating system to add and remove users, computers, and other devices to and from the network. The network administrator also uses the server operating system to install software and administer network security. 6. Provide Security Computer and network administrators typically have an administrator account that enables them to access all files and programs on the computer or network, install programs, and specify settings that affect all users on a computer or network.Settings include creating user accounts and establishing permissions. These permissions define who can access certain resources and when they can access those resources. For each user, the computer or network administrator establishes a user account, which enables a user to access, or log on to, a computer or a network. Each user account typically consists of a user name and password. A user name, or user ID, is a unique combination of characters, such as letters of the alphabet or numbers that identifies one specific user. Many users select a combination of their first and last names as their user name.A user named Henry Baker might choose H Baker as his user name. A password is a private combination of characters associated with the user name that allows access to certain computer resources. Some operating systems allow the computer or network administrator to assign passwords to files and commands, restricting access to only authorized users. After entering a user name and password, the operating system compares the user’s entry with a list of authorized user names and passwords. If the entry matches the user name and password ICT 100 – Operating Systems Page 7 of 9 ept on file, the operating system grants the user access. If the entry does not match, the operating system denies access to the user. To protect sensitive data and information further as it travels over a network, the operating system may encrypt it. Encryption is the process of encoding data and information into an unreadable form. Administrators can specify that data be encrypted as it travels over a network to prevent unauthorized users f rom reading the data. When an authorized user attempts to read the data, it automatically is decrypted, or converted back into a readable form. Types of Operating SystemsOperating systems can be divided into the three following types: 1. Stand-alone 2. Server 3. Embedded Stand-Alone Operating System A stand-alone operating system is a complete operating system that works on a desktop computer, notebook computer, or mobile computing device. Some stand-alone operating systems can work in conjunction with a server operating system (here it functions as a client operating system); others include networking capabilities allowing users to set up small networks (e. g. home or small business network). Examples of currently used stand-alone operating systems are Windows 7, Mac OS X, UNIX, and Linux.Server Operating System A server operating system is an operating system that is designed specifically to support a network. These operating systems can support all sizes of networks from small to large-sized networks and Web servers. A server operating system typically resides on a server and provides client machines with access to resources. Examples of server operating systems include Windows Server 2008, UNIX, Linux, Solaris, and NetWare. Embedded Operating System The operating system on mobile devices and many consumer electronics, called an embedded operating system, resides on a ROM chip.Most handheld computers and small devices use embedded operating systems. Popular embedded operating systems today include Windows Embedded CE, Windows Mobile, Palm OS, iPhone OS, BlackBerry, Google Android, embedded Linux, and Symbian OS. ICT 100 – Operating Systems Page 8 of 9 Library Programs A library program is available to all users of a multi-user computer system, typically to carry out common tasks required by everyone. For example a routine that searches for lost files or restores corrupted files may be stored in a library. Utility ProgramsA utility program, also calle d a utility, is a type of system software that allows a user to perform maintenance-type tasks, usually related to managing a computer, its devices, or its programs. Most operating systems include several built-in utility programs. Users can also buy stand-alone utility programs. Utility programs perform common tasks that thousands of computer users need to do at some time or another, such as searching for files, viewing images, backing up files and disks, uninstalling programs, defragmenting disks, burning optical discs, and so on.One common utility is compression software such as WinZip that ‘zips’ files so that they occupy less space. This is very useful if your want to transmit a graphic or large data file over the Internet, as the transmission time will be much reduced. References Shelly, G. B, Vermaat, M. E. (2010). Discovering Computers 2011. Boston, MA: Course Technology Daley, B. (2008). Computers Are Your Future 2007. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education Heathcote, P. M, Langfield, S. (2004). ‘A’ Level Computing, 5th edition. Oxford: Payne-Gallway Publishers Ltd ICT 100 – Operating Systems Page 9 of 9