Accounting Essays

Accounting Essays Accounting Essay Accounting Essay D2ACC100 FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING MID SEMESTER EXAM REVISION COMPILATION D2 ACC 100 D2 ACC 100 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: * Extracted from Past Year Mid Term Exam Paper: D2ACC100 – SEM 1, 2006 – SEM 3, 2007 * Original idea belongs to Mr Gooi Chee San * Some of the questions have been modified to cater the needs of current student Sem 3, 2007 Question 3 Cabao is a financial consultancy firm. It updates its accounts everyday. Indicate the immediate effect of the following errors on each of the accounting elements described in the column headings below, using the following code: O=overstated U=understated NE=no effectD2 ACC 100 D2 ACC 100 Copy the table below before answering. Error| Net Income| Total Assets| Total Liabilities| Owner’s equity| Example: Receives $200 cash for services rendered the transaction was recorded as $20. | U| U| NE| U| (a) Cabao bought an office table for $500. It was recorded as purchase. | | | | | (b) The owner withdrew $800 cash. No record was made. | | | | | (c) Cabao provided consultancy service for $2,300. It was recorded as $3,200. | | | | | (d) Recorded electricity expense payment twice. | | | | | (e) Received $6,000 for consultancy service to be provided next year. It was recorded as debit cash and credit consultancy revenue. | | | | | Sem 2, 2007 Question 3 ABC is a firm providing management consultancy services. Indicate the immediate effect of the following errors on each of the accounting elements described in the column headings below, using the following code: O=overstated U=understated NE=no effect Copy the table below before answering. ErrorD2 ACC 100 D2 ACC 100 | Net Income| Total Assets| Total Liabilities| Owner’s equity| Example: Received $200 each for services rendered to a customer, but recorded the transaction as $20. U| U| NE| U| (a) Depreciation expense was $5,000 for the period. It was wrongly charged as $3,000. | | | | | (b) Provided consultancy service to a client on credit basis. It was recorded as DR. Service Revenue CR. Accounts Receivable. | | | | | (c) Bought motor vehicle insurance policy on credit basis. It was recorded DR. Prepaid Insurance CR. Cash. | | | | | (d) Bought office equipment on credit basis. The of fice equipment was received but no payment was made yet. No entry was made at all on this purchase. | | | | | (e) The owner withdrew $2,000 for his family use. It was recorded as DR. Entertainment expense CR. Cash. | | | | | Sem 1, 2007 Question 3 Indicate the immediate effect of the following errors on each of the accounting elements described in the heading below. The business provides consultancy services to clients. Using the following code: O=overstated U=understated NE=no effect (Before answering, copy the table below) Error| NetProfit| TotalAssets| TotalLiaD2 ACC 100 D2 ACC 100 bilities| Owner’sequity| Example: Received $500 cash for consultancy services rendered to a client, but recorded the transaction as $50. U| U| NE| U| (i)Did not record the utilities used. The amount has not yet been paid. | | | | | (ii)Bought and paid $200 for office supplies. The office supplies were kept in the cupboard. No entry has been made. | | | | | (iii)Provided consultancy service to a client for $4,000 on credit basis. No entry was made. No money was received. | | | | | (iv)Depreciation expense of motor vehicle was recorded twice. | | | | | (v )Provided consultancy service to a client for $800 on account. It was correctly recorded. When the $800 was received, it was recorded as DR Cash and CR Revenue. | | | | | Sem 3, 2006 Question 2 Indicate the immediate effect of the following errors on each of the accounting elements described in the column heading below, using the following code: O = overstated U = understated NE = no effect Copy the table below before answering. Error| NetProfit| TotalAssets| TotalLiability| Owner’sequity| Example : Received $200 cash for services rendered to a customer, but recorded the transaction as $20| U| U| NE| U| (a) Billed for electricity used inD2 ACC 100 D2 ACC 100 the month. Not paid and not recorded. | | | | | (b) Bought a computer for office use, terms n/30. It was recorded debit office expense and credit cash| | | | | (c) Provided service to a client and received cash. It was recorded twice| | | | | (d) Forgot to charge the depreciation of building| | | | | (e) Paid wages expense for the month. It was recorded; debit office supplies expense and credit cash. | | | | | Sem 2, 2006 Question 3 (20 marks) Indicate the immediate effect of the following errors on each of the accounting elements described in the column heading below, using the following code: O= overstated U=understated NE=no effect Copy the table below before answering. Error| Net Profit| Total Assets| Total Liability| Owner’s Equity| Example: Received $200 cash for services rendered to a customer, but recorded the transaction as $20. | U| U| NE| U| (a) Did not record purchase of inventory on credit basis, n/60. | | | | | (b) Did not charge depreciation expenD2 ACC 100 D2 ACC 100 se of office equipment. | | | | | (c) Did not record withdrawal of $500 by owner for his family use. | | | | | (d) Paid wages expense once but recorded twice. | | | | | (e) Paid to Radio Station for advertisement to be aired next month, but the payment was not recorded. | | | | Sem 3, 2007 Question 2 Pasig is a trading business. An extract of the ledger balances as at 31 August 2007 is shown below. Pasig uses the periodic inventory system. | $| Cash at D2 ACC 100 D2 ACC 100 bank (DR)Office equipmentMotor vehicleInventoryAccounts payableAccounts receivableCapital| 55,00015,00023,00012,00090,00080,000 95,000370,000| In September 2007, the following events took place: S ept 03| Pasig issued a cheque $2,000 to its supplier for purchases made in August 2007. | Sept 05| Bought inventory for $10,000 on the following terms 10/15, n/60. Sept 10| Pasig received a cheque of $7,000 from its customer for sales made in August 2007. | Sept 14| Pasig issued a cheque to fully settle the purchase made on September 05, 2007. | Sept 17| Sold inventory for $28,000 on the term 2/10, n/45. | Sept 20| The owner of Pasig issued a business cheque of $4,000 for his son to go for a private holiday. | Sept 25| Pasig purchase a computer, $3,000 by cheque, for office use. | Sept 29| Paid $9,000 to its employees for work done in September 2007. | (Ignore Goods Services Tax) REQUIRED: a)Show ALL the ledger accounts (T-account) and post the September transactions. (NO JOURNAL ENTRY IS REQUIRED) (b)Prepare a Trial Balance as at 30 September 2007. Sem 2, 2007 Question 2 Luzon started its business operation in 1824 as a trading enterprise. An extract of its ledger balances as at 3 0 April 2007 is show below. Luzon has been using the period inventory system since inception. All payments and receipts are through its bank account. Ledger balances as at 30 April 2007 Ledger accounts| $| Cash at bank (DR)CapitalBank loanAccounts payableSalary payableOffice equipmenD2 ACC 100 D2 ACC 100 Motor vehiclesAccounts receivableInventory| 80,000149,00050,00044,0003,00018,00064,00059,000 25,000 492,000| In May 2007, the following events took place: May 2| Luzon paid $3,000 to its employee for the salary it owed in April 2007. | May 4| Luzon sold some inventory for $11,000 and received payment immediately. | May 7| It bought $40,000 inventory on the following terms 5/10, n/60. | May 10| The owner of Luzon issued a cheque of $20,000 (from Luzon’s account) for his son to buy a motor vehicle. His son is studing in a French University. | May 14| Luzon sold some inventory for $17,000 on the following terms 3/5, n/30. May 16| Luzon fully settled the amount owed for the purch ase made on May 7. | May 23| Luzon paid $16,000 to its supplier for the purchase incurred in April 2007. No discount was granted. | May 29| Luzon bought a brand new photostat machine for $4,000, it was paid by cheque. | May 31| Luzon paid $6,000 to its workers for work done in May 2007. Luzon also paid $2,000 for the utilities consumed in May 2007. | (Ignore Goods Services Tax) REQUIRED: (a)Show ALL the ledger accounts (T-account) and post the May 2007 transactions. (NO JOURNAL ENTRY IS REQUIRED) (b)Prepare a Trial Balance as at 31 May 2007. Sem 1, 2007 Question 2 SiemReap is a trading business. It buys and sells a standard-sized refrigerator. An extract of the ledger balances as at 31 January 2007 is shown below. The business uses the periodic inventory system. Cash at bank (DR)Office equipmentCapitalAccounts receivableAccounts payableMotor vehiclesTotal| $80,00030,000115,00070,00085,000 20,000 400,000| In February 2007, the following events took place:- February 02| SiemReap received a cheque of $13,000 from its customer for the sales made in January 2007. | February 05| Bought a dozen refrigerator for $50,000 on the following terms 2/10, n/60. February 07| SiemReap paid $35,0D2 ACC 100 D2 ACC 100 00 by cheque for purchases made in January 2007. | February 09| SiemReap sold a few refrigerator for $100,000 on the following terms 3/10, n/45. | February 11| The owner of SiemReap issued a cheque of $8,000 to himself for personal use. | February 14| SiemReap fully settled the purchase made on February 05, 2007| February 18| SiemReap received a cheque of $97,000 from its customer for sales made on February 09, 2007. | February 26| SiemReap paid $6,000 by cheque to a television broadcasting company for advertisement to be aired on 15 March 2007. February 28| SiemReap paid $7,000 to its employee for February 2007 salary. | (Ignore Goods Services Tax) REQUIRED: (a)Show ALL the ledger accounts (T-account) and post the February 2007 transactions. NO JOURNAL ENTRY IS REQUIRED (b)Prepare a trial balance as at 28 February 2007. Sem 3, 2006 Question 3 Karon is a trading business. It buys goods in bulk and retails them in small quantity. The following is an extract of Karon’s ledger balances as at 30 September 2006. Karon uses the periodic inventory system. Karon : Ledger balances as at 30 September 2006. | | Accounts receivables| $50 000| Accounts payables| 70 000| Motor vehicles| 60 000| Accumulated depreciation of motor vehicles| 20 000| Wages and salaries payable| 8 000| Cash at bank (DR)| 35 000| Capital| 72 000| Inventory| 25 000| | $340 000| In October 2006, the following events took place. 2006| | Oct 02| Karon issued a cD2 ACC 100 D2 ACC 100 heque $8000 to pay the salary for September 2006| | | Oct 06| Sold some inventory for $60 000 on the following terms 5/10, n/60| | | Oct 09| Karon collected a $10 000 cheque from its customer for sales made in the previous month. | | | Oct 12| Karon bought some inventory for $100 000 on the following terms 3/5, n/60| | | Oct 14| Karon issued a cheque to fully settle for the purchase made on October 12| | | Oct 15| Karon received a cheque from its customer for the sales made on October 06| | | Oct 19| Karon bought a new computer for business use. It paid by cheque $5000| | | Oct 23| The owner withdrew $6,000 for family use| | | Oct 31| Paid its workers $4,000 for the work done in October 2006| (IGNORE GOODS SERVICES TAX) REQUIRED: (a)Show ALL the ledger accounts (T-account) and post the October transactions (No journal entry is required) (b)Prepare a trial balance as at 31 October 2006. Sem 2, 2006 Question 2 (30 marks) Ubud started its business operation on 1 May 2006. It uses the periodic inventory system. An extract of its Ledger balances as at 31 May 2006 is as follows: Ubud: Ledger balances as at 31 May 2006| Cash at bank (DR)| $ 78,000| Capital| 90,000| Rental expense| 5,000| Sales| 70,000| Accounts receivable| 40,000| Accounts payable| 35,000| Purchases| 60,000| Wages and salaries expense| 2,000| Utilities expense| 3,000| Office equipment| 7,000| | 390,000| In June 2006, the following events took place. All payments and receipts were through the cash at bank account. June 2| Ubud sold some inventory for $12,000 cash. | June 5| Ubud issued a cheque of $9,000 to its supplier for purchases made in May 2006D2 ACC 100 D2 ACC 100 .| June 7| Bought some inventory for $60,000 on the following terms 5/10, n/60. | June 9| Issued a cheque of $38,000 for purchase of a motor vehicle for business use. | June 9| Paid $3,000 for the motor vehicle insurance policy, coverage from June 9, 2006 to June 9, 2007. | June 16| Ubud issued a cheque to fully settle purchase made on June 7, 2006. | June 19| Sold some inventory for $100,000 on the following terms 2/10, n/60. | June 28| Ubud received a cheque from a customer for sales made on June 19. June 30| Paid its workers $2,000 for the work done in June 2006. | REQUIRED: (a)Show all the ledger accounts (T-account) brought down from May 2006 and then post the June 2006 transactions. (No journal entry is required) (b)Prepare a trial balance of Ubud as at 30 June 2006. Sem 1, 2006 Question 2 PWC is a trading business. The merchandise business has been in operation for a numb er of months. The following balances were extracted from the Accounting Records of the business as at 31 May 2005. | $| | Cash at bank | 27,000| (DR)| Premises rent expense| 6,000| | Office equipment| 5,000| | Motor vehicles| 26,000| | Purchases| 42,000| | Accounts payable| 20,000| | Sales| 86,000| | Accounts receivable| 24,000| | Prepaid insurance| 3,000| | Salary expense| 6,000| | Telephone and electricity expense| 4,000| | Capital| 37,000| | | 286,000| | The business continued its operation in June 2005. The following events took place in June 2005. (The business has chosen to apply the Periodic Inventory System and will continue to use it in the future. ) All payments and receipts were through its bank account. June 02| PWC paid $8,000 by cheque for the purchases made in May 2005. June 03| PWC received $12,000 from its customers for sales made in May 2005. | June 08| Sold inventory, $18,000, on the following terms 5/10, n/30| June 12| Bought $1,000 worth of pencils, pens, paper etc for office use. It was paid by cheque. D2 ACC 100 D2 ACC 100 | June 16| Bought inventory, $16,000, on the following terms 3/15, n/30| June 18| PWC issued a $8,000 cheque for the purchase made in May 2005. Th e supplier gave PWC $1,000 discount for early settlement of account. | | | June 20| The owner of PWC bought a computer, $2,000, for his son’s personal use. He issued a cheque of $1,000 using PWC’s bank account. His wife paid $1,000 from her personal savings account. | | | June 29| PWC paid $2,000 for Telephone and Electricity used in June 2005. | | | June 29| PWC paid $3,000 to its workers for the work done in June 2005. | (Ignore Goods and Services Tax) REQUIRED: (a) Show all the Accounting Entries in the Ledger Accounts (T-accounts) and post the above transactions (NO JOURNAL ENTRY IS REQUIRED) (b) Extract a Trial Balance of the business as at 30 June 2005 after the posting of the above transactions in (a). Sem 3,2007 Question 1 Kaloonkan is a trading business. Its financial year end is 31 October each year. An extract of Kaloonkan’s ledger accounts is shown below. Trial balance as at 31 October 2007 | DR $’000| CR $’000| Advertising expenseMachineriesAccounts receivablesLand, at costBuilding, at costCash at bankDiscount allowedDrawingsRepair expenseDiscount receivedCapitalBank Loan, due on 1. 1. 2011Accounts payablesService RevenuePrepaid insuranceUtilities expenseOffice suppliesInteresD2 ACC 100 D2 ACC 100 t expenseBuilding maintenance expenseSundry operatng expenseSalaries and wages expensesOffice equipmentManagement consultancy expense| 271,160340226300401430132011124257515140520 10| 107444361001,800| Other data included: i) The prepaid insurance is valid for a twenty-month period, starting from 01 November 2006. (ii) Supplies worth $20,000 have been used during the year (iii) The utilities consumed in October 2007 was $11,000. No payment has been made and no entry has been made. (iv) Out of the service revnue, $100,000 is yet to be earned REQUIRED: (a)Prepare a detailed Income Statement of Kaloonkan for the year ended 31 October 2007. (b)Prepare a Statement of Owner’s equity for the year ended 31 October 2007. (c)Prepare a Balance Sheet as at 31 October 2007. Sem 2, 2007 Question 1 Clarke Angeles is a sole proprietorship business. Its financial year end is 30 June each year. Below is a trial balance of Clarke Angeles as at 30 June 2007. All in thousand. | DR $’000| CR $’000| Advertisement expenseWages and salaries expenseMotor vehicle expensePrepaid insuranceSundry operating expensesDiscount allowedDelivery chargesAccounts receivableCash at bankDrawingsMotor vehicles, at costLandBuildingInterest expenseAccomodation expenseOffice EquipmentElectricity and Telephone expensesPremises rental revenueDiscount receivedAccounts payableConsultationD2 ACC 100 D2 ACC 100 FeesCapitalCommision RevenueNotes payable, due 29 June 2007| 168018242019138018208010040062341849| 38257076840033 50| (Ignore Goods Services Tax) Other data given: (i) The owner withdrew $4,000 cash on 28 June 2007. No entry has been made. (ii) Clarke Angeles advertised its products over the local radio station on 27 June 2007. It costs the business $5,000. It has not yet paid and no entry has been made at all for this advertisement. (iii) The prepaid insurance is valid from 01 July 2006 to 30 June 2007. (iv) Rental of $4,000 is yet to be received REQUIRED: (a)Prepare a detailed Income Statement of Clarke Angeles for the year ended 30 June 2007, and (b)A statement of Owner’s Equity for the year and a detailed Balance Sheet as at 30 June 2007. Sem 1, 2007 Question 1 Angkor is a trading business. It prepares its financial statements once a year. Its financial year end is 31 January. An extract of its ledger accounts is shown below. Trial balance as at 31 January 2007| | DR $’000| CR $’000| Management fee expense| 72| | Prepaid advertisement| 20| | Wages and salaries expense| 222| | Accomodation charges| 22| | Drawings| 20| | Discount allowD2 ACC 100 D2 ACC 100 ed| 33| | Cash at bank| 40| | Land, at cost| 200| | Building, at cost| 300| | Accounts receivable| 380| | Vehicle| 1,030| | Prepaid insurance| 24| | Utilities expense| 60| | Secretarial fee expense| 50| | Interest expense| 30| | Motor vehicle, at cost| 260| | Beginning inventory, 01 February 2006| 240| | Sundry expense| 18| | Service Fee| | 1,650| Accounts payable| | 170| Loan| | 300| Capital, 1. 2. 2006| | 873| Discount received| _____| 28| Other data given: i) The prepaid insurance was valid for the period 1 February 2006 to 31 January 2007. (ii) The utilities used in January 2007 were $5,000. No entry has been made. (iii) The prepaid advertisement is for 4 days, between 30 January 2007 to 2 February 2007. It was paid for advertising its products in the local newspaper. (iv) 10% of service fee is yet to be earned REQUIRED: (a)Prepare a detailed Income Statement (Profit and Loss) for the year ended 31 Ja nuary 2007. (b)Prepare a Statement of Owner’s Equity for the year ended 31 January 2007. (c)Prepare a Balance Sheet Statement as at 31 January 2007.

SAT Test Dates 2017-2018

SAT Test Dates 2017-2018 SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips When trying to plan an SAT study schedule, you must first know when exactly you'll be taking the SAT. In this article, we give you allSAT test dates, deadlines, and score release dates for the 2017-2018 testing year.We also provide you with our top four tips forhelping you choosethe best SAT test date foryour schedule. SAT Test Dates 2017-2018 Beloware allSAT test dates for 2017-18, as confirmedby the College Board.All the registration deadlines and online score release dates have been officially confirmed as well. SAT Test Dates 2017-18 (US) This testing year marks the first time there will be an August test date and no January test date.This August test date isonlyoffered in theUS. Test Date Normal Deadline Late Registration* Online Score Release August 26, 2017 July 28, 2017 August 15, 2017 September 18, 2017 October 7, 2017 September 8, 2017 September 27, 2017 October 26, 2017 November 4, 2017 October 5, 2017 October 25, 2017 November 23, 2017 December 2, 2017 November 2, 2017 November 21, 2017 December 21, 2017 March 10, 2018** February 9, 2018 February 28, 2018 March 29, 2018 May 5, 2018 April 6, 2018 April 25, 2018 May 24, 2018 June 2, 2018 May 3, 2018 May 23, 2018 July 11, 2018 *The late registration deadline is typically one week earlier if you are registering by mail. **Regular SAT only. SAT Test Dates 2017-18 (International) Starting in 2018, theMarch SAT test date will be availableoutside the US; however, this is only for the regular SAT, not the SAT Subject Tests. By contrast, the international November and June test dates will offerSAT Subject Testsonly. Test Date Registration Deadline Online Score Release October 7, 2017 September 8, 2017 October 26, 2017 November 4, 2017* October 5, 2017 November 23, 2017 December 2, 2017 November 2, 2017 December 21, 2017 March 10, 2018** February 9, 2018 March 29, 2018 May 5, 2018 April 6, 2018 May 24, 2018 June 2, 2018* May 3, 2018 July 11, 2018 *SAT Subject Tests only. **Regular SAT only. How to Choose an SAT Test Date: 4 KeyTips Familiarizing yourself with upcoming SAT test dates lets you customize yourstudy plan and choose a date that'll fit well withyour schedule. Here are four tipsto help youselect an ideal SAT test date. #1: Know Your Deadlines The most important thing to remember is to take your SAT early enough so that your scores will arrive before your college application deadlines.The most commonregular decision deadline is January 1,and the most commonearly actiondeadlines are November 1 and 15. The College Board typically sends SAT scores to schools (for your four free score reports)within 10 days after you receive your scores online.Check the Online Score Release columns in the tables above for exact score release dates. That said, some schools can take a week to process SAT scores they've received. As a rule, then, try tostick with SAT test dates that are at least five or six weeks before your application deadlines (seven or eight weeksif you think you'll need to order additional score reports). Below is a handy chart listing common application deadlines and their latest recommended and latest possible SAT test dates.The latest recommended dates are all but guaranteed to get your scores to your schools in time, whereasthe latest possible dates have a much higher risk of delivering your scores after your deadlines. As with anything, weigh your options carefully before making a decision! College App Deadline Latest Recommended SAT Date Latest Possible SAT Date* October 15 August August November 1 August October November 15 October October November 30 October November December 1 October November December 15 November November January 1 November December January 10-15 December December February 1 December December February 15 December December March 1 December December March 15 December December April 1 December March April 15 December March May 1 March March May 15 March March June 1 March May June 15 March May July 1 May June July 15 May June August 1 June June August 15 June June September 1 June June *These dates might get your scores to your schools in time or they might not! So choose wisely. Don't forget about SAT scholarship deadlines, either. If you want to get any scholarships that consider your SAT score, you’ll need to have your test scores sent outbefore your scholarship deadlines. Oftentimes, these deadlines are the same as college application deadlines. #2: Set Aside Time for Retakes Most students improve their scores when they take the SAT again, so you'll want to give yourself an opportunitytotake the test multiple times. Generally, we suggest doing the following: Take your first SAT in the fall of your junior year. Take your second SAT in the spring of your junior year. Take your third SAT in the summer/fall of your senior year (if necessary). If you can't (or didn't) take the SAT in the fall as a junior, don't sweat it- just take it as soon as you can in the spring, ideally in March. This way you'll still have several opportunities to retake the SAT in June, August, and the fall (as a senior). However, try not to choose any back-to-back SAT sessions,especially in the fall of your senior year. SATs are scheduled so closely together that you often won't even receive your scores until the late registration deadline for the following test date has already passed! You also likely won't have enough time to study effectively in-between tests, sospace out your SATs- your weary brain will thank you for it! #3:Come Up With a Solid Study Plan When selecting an SAT test date, you'll want to give yourself enough time to prepare for the exam. We generally advise studying for three to six months.But no matter how long (or how short) your time frame is before test day,you should always knowhowmany hours you must studyin order to hit your goal score. Our estimates for study hours and total point improvements on the SAT are as follows: 0-30 point improvement: 10 hours 30-70 point improvement: 20 hours 70-130 point improvement: 40 hours 130-200 point improvement: 80 hours 200-330 point improvement: 150 hours+ According to these estimates, the more points you want to score on the SAT, the more hours you'll need to dedicate to studying.For help with developing a surefirestudy plan, start with our guide on how to study for the SAT, and then take a look at these sample study plans. As with any test, make sure you're not trying to squeeze in too many study hours every day- wearing yourself down won't help you get a higher score, promise! #4: Note AnyConflicts WithTest Dates Our final tip is to check to see whether you'll have any potential conflicts on or around your desired SAT test date. For example, maybe theMarch test date is during your basketball playoffs, and you’ll be too busy to study. Or perhaps you want to avoid the May test date since you’ll be focusing on preparing for AP tests. Although it can be difficult to carve outtime during which you canfully devote yourself to the SAT, you don't want tooverwhelm yourself with too many tests or other obligations. So grab a calendar, check your schedule, andchoose theSAT test date that works best with your free time. What's Next? Want more info on SAT test dates?Check out our full guide to choosing SAT test dates, and peek ahead with our guides to2018-19 and future SAT test dates. Curious about ACT test dates, too?We offera comprehensive guide to all upcoming ACT test dates as well as an expert review of the best SAT and ACT test dates. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

How does the Christian communal meal arise from Jewish and Greco-Roman Assignment

How does the Christian communal meal arise from Jewish and Greco-Roman conceptions of sacrifice and what makes the Christian sacrificial meal different from its Jewish and Greco-Roman forerunners - Assignment Example The second one the members performed dances, made choirs, sang sacred songs and remained sober until dawn. Another example of Jewish communal meal is the gathering meal where the community rule in the Qumran script provides direction: it says that they will eat and pray in common. Additionally, the eating’s started by blessing the wine and bread while praying involved the discussion and study of law among others. This communal suppers took place daily (Alikin, 16). In Graeco-Roman world cult, associations and mystery cults were effective. They are considered as a subcategory of voluntary associations. The utmost mystery cults were the Mithras cult, sibylline cult at Rome, Eleusis cult and lastly the Serapis and Isis cult. All these cults has one similar thing: their supporters gathered at agreed times with a lavish meal. These common suppers are well indicated, for example, the cults of Serapis and Isis. Supporters of these cults gathered from time to time in temples or houses and sat on couches. This coaches were only set up for ceremonial drinking and eating occasions. In Christians, gatherings were dual. The first one comprised of a meal proper and after the meal a session with various activities like teaching, singing and preaching followed. These activities resembled what happened at feasts in the Graeco-Roman world. Precisely the gatherings of Christians was that some fell into a frenzy: they spoke streams of incoherent and inexplicable sounds. Additionally, other members produced understandable sounds in the form of preaching’s, revelations, teaching, hymns and lastly passing on of knowledge and wisdom. The above oral contributions were offered and bartered in the same assembly as the common meal but took place in the second fold once the meal had been finished. The Christian dual structure of gathering is also similar to the Jewish assembly. This so for because when the meal is over, a person who is

Theories of visual culture and social semiotics Assignment

Theories of visual culture and social semiotics - Assignment Example Infusing the visual culture studies especially in art education involves embracing the postmodern conceptions and posing a challenge to the modern ideals. Also, it involves the instructions whereby there is knowledge sharing among all the learners. The images are critically examined with intelligent and understanding actions as the aim rather than artistic appreciation. One of the main aims of art facilitators is to involve students in learning activities, both through and in art. Nevertheless, most of the facilitators do argue that visual culture art education offer a successful means of engagement. Although the lessons may originate from the visual culture theory, they may result in the lessons which may go back to modern concepts and ideas as well as principles of formal design. However, one of the key shortcomings of the programs is caused by the counterfeit logic that may result from the use of the formalistic theories so as to discuss and understand very well the concept of vis ual culture and postmodernism(Pincus, 2011). The visual culture theory usually requires that the artwork should be put into consideration in relation to the social context and the social context. Cultural studies The theory of visual culture is critically indebted to some form of cultural studies. In essence, the idea of cultural studies is a very complicated and interdisciplinary field. It was first discussed in England in early 1960s, but currently it is a global field of study. It is mainly concerned with giving significance to cultural practices in terms of people’s experiences as well as the structural dynamics of modernize society. According to Harrison, (2003), he argues that the theory bases on the belief that the society should be structured and that the signifying practices should be seen as a means of maintaining and establishing power. However, people can interpret for themselves. The latest studies on visual culture, which emerged in the mid 1990s, are much diver sified and it advocates most on the critical edge of the cultural studies. A visual culture study, as a field, encompasses two main principle concerns. These are the visible objects and our perception on them; normally called the ‘seen and the seer’. With this respect, visual culture studies have no significant difference from other philosophical studies. This is because its concerns aim at giving a clear description of the objects under study and their natural aesthetic gaze. However, the main difference is the fact that visual culture studies put into consideration a lot of artifacts and several ways of appearance as opposed to philosophical aesthetics. The studies of visual culture address the inner meaning of the images in photography, advertising and painting. Visual culture refers to those cultural aspects which are manifested in visible form i.e. paintings, photographs, prints, video and scene images. They mainly focus on images themselves so that they can bring out the cultural link attach to them (Herrmann, 2005). At some instance, it is very difficult to distinguish regalia from images. This is because some images appear real since they give an expression and representation of constituted reality (Pincus, 2011). The approach of visual culture from the visual culture studies begin and end with the contemporary cultural sites.

American Literature Summer Reading List Essay Example for Free

American Literature Summer Reading List Essay The following list was complied from the recommendations of the Belmont High School English department and contains some of the best-known works of American literature. Each book addresses the American Dream and/or American identities. All entering 11th graders must read at least one book from the list below over the summer. Students entering English 11 Honors must read at least one contemporary AND one classic work from the list. The American Literature Summer Reading page on your Edline account provides summaries of the works listed below; it will be available until July 15th. We encourage all students to preview a book before making a choice in order to determine that the writing style and narrative voice will be a good fit. Please consult your 10th grade teacher if you need help finding a book that is a good match for you. Author Book Joan Didion Joan Didion W. E. B. Du Bois Booker T. Washington The White Album: Essays Slouching Toward Bethlehem: Essays The Souls of Black Folk Up from Slavery Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas: A Savage Journey to the Heart of the American Dream The Dharma Bums On the Road Hunter S. Thompson Jack Kerouac Jack Kerouac Malcolm X and Alex Haley Tom Wolfe Alex Haley Ayn Rand  Ayn Rand Bernard Malamud E. L. Doctorow Edith Wharton Edith Wharton F. Scott Fitzgerald F. Scott Fitzgerald Herman Melville James Baldwin James Weldon Johnson The Autobiography of Malcolm X The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test Roots The Fountainhead Atlas Shrugged The Natural Ragtime The Age of Innocence The House of Mirth Tender is the Night This Side of Paradise Moby-Dick Go Tell it on the Mountain Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man Genre Essays Essays Essays Memoir Era Classic Classic Classic Classic Memoir Memoir Memoir Classic Classic Classic. Memoir Memoir Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Classic  Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Joan Didion John Cheever John Dos Passos John Irving John Steinbeck John Steinbeck John Updike Kate Chopin Ken Kesey N. Scott Momaday Nella Larson Norman Mailer Philip Roth Ralph Ellison Raymond Chandler Richard Wright Rita Mae Brown Robert Penn Warren Saul Bellow Sinclair Lewis Theodore Dreiser Theodore Dreiser Upton Sinclair Vladimir Nabokov Willa Cather Willa Cather William Faulkner Studs Terkel Play It As It Lays The Wapshot Chronicle The U. S. A. Trilogy The World According to Garp East of Eden The Grapes of Wrath Rabbit, Run The Awakening One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest House Made of Dawn Passing An American Dream Portnoy’s Complaint Invisible Man The Big Sleep Black Boy Rubyfruit Jungle All the Kings Men The Adventures of Augie March Main Street An American Tragedy Sister Carrie The Jungle Lolita My Antonia O Pioneers! Absalom, Absalom! Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel about What They Do Arthur Miller A View from the Bridge Lorraine Hansberry Sherwood Anderson Sarah Vowell Toure A Raisin in the Sun Winesburg, Ohio The Partly Cloudy Patriot Whos Afraid of Post-Blackness? What It Means to be Black Now Novel Novel Novel. Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Classic Oral History Play Play Short Stories Essays Essays Classic Classic Classic Classic Contemporary Contemporary Annie Dillard Barack Obama Bob Dylan Itabari Njeri James McBride Jay-Z John Edgar Wideman Luis Rodriguez Maxine Hong Kingston Richard Rodriguez Barbara Ehrenreich Dave Eggers. David Bianculli Erik Larsen Greil Marcus John Berendt Jon Krakauer Neil Swidey Tom Wolfe Amy Tan Andre Dubus III Annie Proulx Audrey Niffenegger Barbara Kingsolver Barbara Kingsolver Barbara Kingsolver Chad Harbach Chang-rae Lee Cormac McCarthy Daniel Wallace Danzy Senna Dave Eggers David Foster Wallace An American Childhood Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance Chronicles, Vol. I Every Goodbye Ain’t Gone The Color of Water: A Black Mans Tribute to His White Mother Decoded Brothers and Keepers Always Running: La Vida Loca: Gang Days in L. A The Woman Warrior Hunger of Memory: The Education of Richard Rodriguez. Nickle and Dimed: On (Not) Getting by in America Zeitoun Dangerously Funny: The Uncensored Story of The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour Devil in the White City The Old, Weird America: The World of Bob Dylans Basement Tapes Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil Into the Wild The Assist: Hoops, Hope, and the Game of Their Lives The Right Stuff The Joy Luck Club House of Sand and Fog The Shipping News The Time Travellers Wife The Bean Trees Animal Dreams The Poisonwood Bible The Art of Fielding Native Speaker Blood Meridian Big Fish: A Novel of Mythic Proportions Caucasia What is the What Infinite Jest Memoir Memoir Memoir Memoir. Memoir Memoir Memoir Memoir Memoir Memoir Nonfiction Nonfiction Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Nonfiction Nonfiction Nonfiction Nonfiction Nonfiction Nonfiction Nonfiction Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary David Sheff Don DeLillo Donna Tartt Dorothy Allison Edward P. Jones Fannie Flagg Gish Jen Gloria Naylor Jane Smiley Jennifer Egan Jhumpa Lahiri John Irving John Kennedy OToole Jonathan Franzen Jonathan Lethem Jonathan Safran Foer Julia Alvarez Junot Diaz K. M. Soehnlein Leslie Marmon Silko Marilynne Robinson Marilynne Robinson Marisha Pessl Michael Chabon Ntzoke Shange Paul Auster Paul Auster Paula Fox Peter Cameron Philip Roth Philip Roth Richard Ford Richard Russo Sherman Alexie Beautiful Boy Americana The Secret History Bastard out of Carolina The Known World Fried Green Tomatoes at the Whistle Stop Cafe Typical American. The Women of Brewster Place A Thousand Acres A Visit from the Goon Squad The Namesake A Prayer for Owen Meany A Confederacy of Dunces The Corrections The Fortress of Solitude Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close How the Garcia Girls Lost Their Accents The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao The World of Normal Boys Ceremony Gilead Home Special Topics in Calamity Physics The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier and Clay Sassafrass, Cypress, and Indigo The New York Trilogy The Music of Chance Desperate Characters Someday This Pain Will be Useful to You American Pastoral The Human Stain The Sportswriter Empire Falls Reservation Blues Novel Novel Novel. Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Steven Millhauser. Sue Monk Kidd T. C. Boyle Thomas Pynchon Thomas Pynchon Tom Wolfe Toni Morrison Toni Morrison Walter Mosley Walter Mosley August Wilson August Wilson Martin Dressler: The Tale of an American Dreamer The Secret Life of Bees The Tortilla Curtain Vineland The Crying of Lot 49 Bonfire of the Vanities Beloved Song of Solomon Always Outnumbered, Always Outgunned The Man in My Basement Ma Raineys Black Bottom The Piano Lesson David Mamet Glengarry Glen Ross Tony Kushner Annie Proulx Jhumpa Lahiri Raymond Carver Sherman Alexie Angels in America Close Range: Wyoming Stories Interpreter of Maladies What We Talk About When We Talk About Love. The Long Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Play Play Play Play Short Stories Short Stories Short Stories Short Stories Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary.

Otosclerosis :: Research Hearing Essays

Otosclerosis Hearing serves a very important function in our lives. Much of the time, it is taken for granted. We tend not to appreciate it, until it starts to fail. There are many disorders that can cause a difficulty in hearing and hearing loss. One such disorder is otosclerosis. This disorder deserves a significant amount of research. Not only because we are dependent on our sense of hearing, but because its effects are far reaching. So much so, that it is hard to comprehend how we could ever live without it. It has even been said that Beethoven had otosclerosis. Toward the end of his career, he could not even hear his own music (Goldstein, 1999). Its effects are devastating and are well worth studying. Otosclerosis is a middle-ear disorder. The hearing loss is usually conductive, affecting the bones in the middle ear that conduct sound to the inner ear. This conductive hearing loss is caused by the growth of a spongy bone-like tissue that prevents the ossicles (bones of the middle ear) from moving well. One of the first signs is a small growth of the tissue in the middle ear. This is often in front of the oval window, which separates the middle ear from the inner ear. This can begin in early childhood or adolescence. The tissue may grow rapidly and become hard. The bone tissue grows over the stapes ossicle attaching it to the oval window. At first, hearing loss occurs in the low frequencies. High frequencies are affected next, followed by the loss of hearing in the middle frequencies. Otosclerosis usually begins in one ear, but the other ear often develops it as well (Otosclerosis, 1998). There are different categories of otosclerosis. "Subclinical Otosclerosis" occurs when the tissue does not interfere with the ossicles. A person may have this form for many years and not know it. Another category is "Clinical Otosclerosis." This type can be present in the teen years, but not detected until the young adult years. It is rare for it to occur after the age of fifty. The last category of"Histologic Otosclerosis" occurs when the tissue is present, but it may or may not cause hearing loss. "Cochlear Otosclerosis" has been used to refer to sensorineural hearing loss. This is caused by abnormal blood flow to the middle ear, rather than growth of tissue (Otosclerosis, 1998). Otosclerosis is the most frequent cause of middle ear hearing loss.

Why does the price of gas fluctuate so greatly?

I believe we’re in a recovery stage of the business cycle. All the index calculations suggest this. The GDP and CPI indexes have increased over the last year and few months but unemployment index has remained unchanged over the last few months. The economy has stabilized and there is slow growth. GDP index shows a . 4 percent increase in the fourth quarter of 2012 and a 1. 8 percent increase in the first quarter of 2013. This increase suggests recovery. CPI index shows has increase 1. percent for all of 2012 and shows a steady increase every month in 2013. There’s also has been a steady increase every year since 2009. This increase also shows recovery. Unemployment index has remained unchanged in June 2013 at 7. 6 percent from May 2013. It has remain constant for the last 5 months at around 7. 6 percent. It has decreased slightly from June 2013 when it was 8. 2 percent. If the unemployment decreases, it’s possible that would set us up for an economic boom. Why does the price of gas fluctuate so greatly? There are many factors that create price of gas fluctuation; war in the Middle East creating a shortage and production problems creating a shortage. When there’s a shortage, prices go up. What will happen as more and more people in China and India decide to buy automobiles? As more and more people in China and India buy automobiles, the demand for gas will increase. The increased demand for gas will exceed the supply and will cause a shortage. The shortage of gas will increase the price of gas. What would happen if most US consumers decided to drive electric cars? If most US consumers decided to drive electric cars the demand of gas would significantly decrease. The US is ranked the number 1 consumer of petroleum. If the demand of gas significantly decreased in the US, the supply of gas would most likely exceed the demand and make lower gas prices.

Consorcio comes to America

The goal of Be American is the understanding of the reality of the immigrant life, which is filled with the difficulty of getting past the cultural barrier, and of getting acquainted with a new land's idea of ignorance and literacy. Consorcio has a big problem: he wants to become an American. He soon finds out that the times and events will not agree with him. Consorcio comes to America and soon realizes the hard work involved in getting a better life in America. Right away, the reader is greeted with the problem of Consorcio's illiteracy.The story starts immediately with â€Å"it was not Consorcio's fault†, referring to his inability no read or write English and his native dialect. Consorcio has to deal with his own ignorance, which showed in many little ways—he breaks plates because he only knew coconut shells and wooden utensils, sleeps on top of the sheets, does not want to eat bread and butter. Consorcio is typical of most immigrant peasants who came to America for a â€Å"better life†, knowing little but the provincial life full of farm work. Still, Consorcio is intent on becoming American, even buying books to hasten himself along his Americanization.But when he asks his cousin how long he would have to wait, Consorcio is unpleasantly surprised when he discovers from his cousin that he needs to wait five years to become American. A year later, when his cousin visits him, Consorcio no longer has his books. He has sold them because he is unable to read, with no way to learn. Consorcio is now working as a baker's assistant. Consorcio is still intent on becoming American, though. When his cousin suggests a free night school, he agrees to change his job so he can study.Two years later his cousin returns to find Consorcio gone, with an untraceable address. But soon Consorcio sends his cousin boxes of fruit and produce of the company he works for. Consorcio's and the cousin meet again after two years later, in Los Angeles. Consorcio is disa ppointed. He has no job, hasn't finished school, and has become aware that he could not obtain American citizenship. More than two years later the cousin starts to receive letters (Consorcio has finally become literate). Consorcio starts to see the resolution of his dream of Americanization in his literacy.Consorcio becomes American in a different way from what he has been desiring all the years of his stay in America. Consorcio begins a publication defending the rights of American and immigrant workers. Because of his activist literature, Consorcio experiences jail. Here we see that in spite of ongoing contradictions, Consorcio was, in a way, able to control his situation. For want of his American ideal, Consorcio fights with his words. He becomes American in this way, not officially, but in the American way of fighting for the ideal of liberty.This is what America is all about—at least this is what we understand from the cousin—and he did what so many before him did, and that is fight for justice, and equality. Then war comes, and Consorcio's â€Å"crusade† ends. Fifteen years after arriving on America, Consorcio dies. The (anti)climax comes with Consorcio's death. Before his death, as his cousin says, he has become American in his own right. Still, he never really experiences the â€Å"good life† promised by America, and dies with the embers of his dream.

3 Problematic Parentheticals

3 Problematic Parentheticals 3 Problematic Parentheticals 3 Problematic Parentheticals By Mark Nichol Each of the following sentences is muddled because a parenthetical phrase is incorrectly punctuated. Discussion of each example explains the problem, and one or more revisions resolve it. 1. This phase consists of a management experience whose intensity and scope has few, if any rivals. The phrase â€Å"if any† is a parenthetical- a sentence element that is not essential to the sentence but provides additional information or otherwise modifies the main clause. Parenthetical phrases must be set off with a pair of punctuation marks (parentheses, dashes, or, most commonly, commas): â€Å"This phase consists of a management experience whose intensity and scope has few, if any, rivals.† 2. The operational risks of widespread automation, for example loss of service and technical problems around delivery, could lead to wholesale firms being unable to transact. The parenthetical phrase â€Å"for example† must be set off from the stated example, which itself, with the parenthetical, must be set off from the main clause: â€Å"The operational risks of widespread automation- for example, loss of service and technical problems around delivery- could lead to wholesale firms being unable to transact.† (Parentheses can replace the dashes, but to introduce a pair of commas would obscure the hierarchy of parenthesis within parenthesis.) 3. Smith, the superintendent of the park who has studied the history of the colony, said the photos are a reminder of the state’s rich and influential past. The parenthetical phrase that describes Smith includes a phrase singling him out as one of two or more superintendents and identifies him as the one who has studied the history of the colony. However, Smith is the only superintendent, and the reference to his studies is additional, parenthetical information, so that phrase must be set off as a parenthesis modifying a parenthesis: â€Å"Smith, the park’s superintendent, who has studied the history of the colony, said the photos are a reminder of the state’s rich and influential past.† Alternatively, the sentence can be reworded so that â€Å"the park’s superintendent† is the only parenthetical; â€Å"has studied the history of the colony† becomes the balance of the main clause, and the wording about his comment becomes an additional independent clause preceded by a conjunction: â€Å"Smith, the park’s superintendent, has studied the history of the colony, and he said the photos are a reminder of the state’s rich and influential past.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Exquisite Adjectives25 Russian Words Used in English (and 25 More That Should Be)Titled versus Entitled

The Ancient Chinese Chou Dynasty

The Ancient Chinese Chou Dynasty The Chou or Zhou dynasty ruled China from about 1027 to about 221 B.C. It was the longest dynasty in Chinese history and the time when much of ancient Chinese culture developed. The Chou Dynasty followed the second Chinese dynasty, the Shang. Originally pastoralists, the Chou set up a (proto-)feudal social organization based on families with administrative bureaucracy. They also developed a middle class. Although a decentralized tribal system at the beginning, the Zhou became centralized over time. Iron was introduced and Confucianism developed. Also during this long era, Sun Tzu wrote The Art of War, in about 500 B.C. Chinese Philosophers and Religion During the Warring States period within the Chou dynasty, a class of scholars developed, whose members included the great Chinese philosopher Confucius. The Book of Changes was written during the Chou Dynasty. The philosopher Lao Tse was appointed librarian for the historical records of the Chou kings. This period is sometimes referred to as the One Hundred Schools Period. The Chou banned human sacrifice. They saw their success over the Shang as a mandate from heaven. Ancestor worship developed. The Start of the Chou Dynasty Wuwang (Warrior King) was the son of the leader of the Chou (Zhou), who were located on the western border of the Shangs China in what is now Shaanxi province. Wuwang formed a coalition with the leaders of other states to defeat the last, evil ruler of the Shang. They succeeded and Wuwang became the first king of the Chou dynasty (c.1046 to 43 B.C.). Division of the Chou Dynasty Conventionally, the Chou dynasty is divided into the Western or Royal Chou (c.1027 to 771 B.C.) and the Dong or Eastern Chou (c.770 to 221 B.C.) periods. The Dong Zhou itself is subdivided into the Spring and Autumn (Chunqiu) period (c.770 to 476 B.C.), which was named for a book supposedly by Confucius and when iron weapons and farm implements replaced bronze, and the Warring States (Zhanguo) period (c.475 to 221 B.C.). At the start of the Western Chou, the empire of the Chou extended from Shaanxi to the Shandong peninsula and the Beijing area. The first kings of the Chou dynasty gave land to friends and relatives. Like the two previous dynasties, there was a recognized leader who passed power to his descendants. The vassals walled cities, also passed down patriarchally, developed into kingdoms. By the end of the Western Chou, the central government had lost all but nominal power, such as was required for rituals. During the Warring States period, the aristocratic system of warfare changed: peasants fought; there were new weapons, including crossbows, chariots, and iron armor. Developments During the Chou Dynasty During the Chou dynasty in China, ox-drawn plows, iron and iron casting, horseback riding, coinage, multiplication tables, chopsticks, and the crossbow were introduced. Roads, canals, and major irrigation projects were developed. Legalism Legalism developed during the Warring States period. Legalism is a school of philosophy that provided the philosophical background for the first imperial dynasty, the Qin Dynasty. Legalism accepted that humans are flawed and asserted that political institutions should recognize this. Therefore the state should be authoritarian, demanding strict obedience to the leader, and meting out known rewards and punishments. Resources and Further Reading Paul Halsall on the Chinese DynastiesChinese History Zhou DynastyLegalism. (2009). In Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. Retrieved March 25, 2009, from Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica Online: search.eb.com/eb/article-9047627

India as Emerging Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

India as Emerging Market - Essay Example The preamble of Indian Constitution declares India as sovereign, socialist, secular and democratic republic and importantly promises social, economic and political justice. Therefore, India is constitutionally a modern social democratic state with a strong emphasis given to ‘socialistic pattern of development’ (Basu, 1994). The Directive Principles of State Policy delineated in part IV of the Indian constitution upholds the notion of an active welfare state which could intervene in the social, religious, and cultural affairs of the country in order to ensure progress. Indian federalism is of a mixed type in which states and the centre effectively wield power distinct areas. However, the centre has supreme power in many areas including the power to dismiss the elected governments at the state level in terms of article 356. For Basu (1994), although the federal system is the basic structure of the government of the country, a strong mixture of unitary bias is apparent. The Panchayati Raj system is a unique characteristic of Indian polity. Kashyap (2002) is the view that â€Å"the seventy-third and seventy-fourth constitutional amendments have made some fundamental changes in our political structure and in the status of local institutions†. Thereafter, governance has been considerably decentralised through panchayats and other institutions of local governance. Although India has a strong economy and an young, vibrant work force, it is still long behind in terms of human development. Health remains an unresolved issue, over half of the children in the country are malnourished. One third of the population still faces chronic hunger. Majority of the population lives with less than a dollar per day. In literacy rate, India is even behind some of the poverty-ridden sub-Saharan countries. And, the gender and regional gap in terms of

Critically think about the drop in crime in the US at the end of the Essay

Critically think about the drop in crime in the US at the end of the nineties - Essay Example There was another hypothesis developed that the drop in crime rate was due to the introduction of the Three Strikes Law. This allocation provided that any felony criminal who was arrested on a third offence would be sentenced to life imprisonment (Rushefsky, 2007, 535). The first of the states to allot this was the State of Washington, subsequent steps to continue with this step taking place in Colorado, Arkansas, Nevada and so on. This practice has led to a general reduction in the rate of crime n the United States, with the year 2010 being the safest moments of all. With the homicide division having the lowest record of crime, there has been a decline in other divisions such as violent crimes, rape and robbery. (Press 2010, 135) In conclusion, there are two hypotheses describing the decline in the rate of crime in the United States. The introduction of the Three Strikes Law and the legalization of abortion have contributed to the decline in crime in the United States (Wilensky, 2002, 235). However, there has also been overall improvement in the administration of